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A171 topics
- · Three Genders (m/f/n) & How to Recognise Them
- · Plural of Masculine Nouns (-и, -ове, -е)
- · Plural of Feminine (-и) & Neuter (-а/-та) Nouns
- · Adjective Agreement in Gender (-Ø/-а/-о)
A263 topics
- · Counting Form for Masc Non-Person Nouns (два стола, три молива)
- · Counting Form vs Ordinary Plural (молива / моливи)
- · Counting Form — The Person/Non-Person Split (два стола BUT двама мъже)
- · Men's Collective Numerals + Plural (двама мъже, трима студенти)
B160 topics
- · Secondary Imperfectivization (-ва-: запиша→записвам)
- · Prefixes that Change Meaning + Perfectivise (пиша→препиша/подпиша)
- · The Aspect × Tense Matrix — Overview
- · Imperfective Aorist (четох цял ден)
B254 topics
- · Aspect in Negated Imperatives
- · Biaspectual Verbs (двувидови глаголи)
- · Aspect in да-Complements
- · Perfective Present in Subordinate Clauses
C130 topics
- · Aspect Pairs with Meaning Shift (lexicalized prefixes)
- · Aspect Inside Deverbal Nouns (четене vs прочитане)
- · Aspectual Choice: Narration vs Description
- · Definiteness: Generic vs Specific Reference
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All 278 bulgarian grammar topics
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- Three Genders (m/f/n) & How to Recognise Them
- Plural of Masculine Nouns (-и, -ове, -е)
- Plural of Feminine (-и) & Neuter (-а/-та) Nouns
- Adjective Agreement in Gender (-Ø/-а/-о)
- Adjective Agreement in the Plural (-и)
- The Counting Form (бройна форма): два стола
- Counting Persons: двама/трима + Men's Plural
- Subject–Verb Agreement (Person & Number)
- Clitics sit next to the verb (NOT 2nd position)
- The reflexive clitic се / си
- The accusative object clitic (го, я, ги)
- The dative object clitic (ми, му, ѝ, им)
- The question particle ли — placement
- Basic clitic cluster order (не/се/му/го/съм)
- Definiteness in Bulgarian — postposed clitic article
- Feminine definite article -та (жената)
- Neuter definite article -то (детето)
- Masculine definite article -ът/-ят (forms only)
- Masculine full -ът/-ят vs short -а/-я — the two forms
- Plural definite article -те/-та (книгите)
- The article attaches to the FIRST NP element
- The emerging indefinite article един (a/an)
- The Cyrillic Alphabet (30 Letters)
- The Vowel ъ (er golyam) — a Full Vowel
- Capitalisation (Lowercase Days, Months, Nationalities)
- ти vs Вие (Informal vs Formal/Plural Address)
- Formal Address: господин / госпожо / госпожице
- Cardinal Numbers 0–100 (нула, едно … сто)
- Days & Months (lowercase; понеделник, януари)
- Everyday Lexis: седмица = week, неделя = Sunday
- на for Possession (книгата на Иван)
- на for the Indirect Object (давам на Иван)
- в / във (in, into) — Location and Motion
- с / със (with) — Accompaniment and Means
- за (for, to, about)
- от (from, out of, since)
- до / към (to, up to, towards)
- на (on, at) — Surface and Place
- Personal pronouns — long subject forms (аз, ти, той)
- Object pronouns — long vs short (мене/ме)
- Dative short pronouns (ми, ти, му, ѝ)
- Possessive pronouns — long forms (мой, твой, наш)
- Possessive short (clitic) forms (книгата ми)
- Demonstratives този / онзи (this / that)
- Interrogatives кой (who) & какво (what)
- Interrogatives какъв (what kind) & чий (whose)
- Reflexive pronoun се / себе си — introduction
- Basic Word Order (SVO)
- Existentials има / няма (there is / there isn't)
- Sentence Negation with не
- Yes/No Questions with ли
- Wh-Questions (Кой? Какво? Къде? Кога? Защо?)
- Negative Words Need не (никой не знае)
- Basic Connectors: и, а, но, или, защото
- Present of съм (to be) — am/is/are
- Present — first (e-)conjugation (чета, пиша)
- Present — second (и-)conjugation (говоря, ходя)
- Present — third (a-)conjugation (искам, гледам)
- Present of имам / нямам (have / not have)
- Negation of the present with не
- Future with invariant ще + present (ще работя)
- Negative future: няма да + present (няма да дойда)
- Present for habit & near future (Утре пътувам)
- съм as copula + predicate (Аз съм лекар)
- Imperative — basic forms (чети! говорете!)
- Negative command: недей(те) да + present
- The да-construction (no infinitive) — intro
- Modal искам да + present (искам да отида)
- Modal мога да (can / be able) + present
- Modal трябва да (must / have to) + present
- Reflexive verbs with се — introduction (казвам се)
- Counting Form for Masc Non-Person Nouns (два стола, три молива)
- Counting Form vs Ordinary Plural (молива / моливи)
- Counting Form — The Person/Non-Person Split (два стола BUT двама мъже)
- Men's Collective Numerals + Plural (двама мъже, трима студенти)
- Reflexive Pronoun се / себе си
- Reflexive Possessive свой / си (взех си книгата)
- Relative Pronoun който (човекът, който работи)
- Relative чийто (whose) (човекът, чиято кола…)
- Indefinite някой & Negative никой
- Aspect — The Core Concept (свършен / несвършен вид)
- Aspect Pairs (пиша/напиша, чета/прочета)
- Perfectivising with a Prefix (пиша → напиша, пия → изпия)
- Aspect in the Aorist (четох / прочетох)
- Imperfective Habit vs Perfective Single Event (всеки ден чета / купих хляб)
- Article on the Adjective (новата книга, голямото дете)
- Article + Adjective — Gender/Number (новият/новата/новото/новите)
- Article with Possessives (моята книга, неговият брат)
- Article with Several Modifiers (моята нова книга)
- Full vs Short Masculine Article — The Idea (столът / стола)
- Full Article for the Subject (Столът е тук)
- Short Article after Verb/Preposition (Виждам стола; на стола)
- Iotated Letters ю / я (пея, ютия, ясно)
- The Soft Sign ь (only in ьо: актьор)
- Spelling the Past Tenses (1sg -х; -ях/-ех)
- Polite Imperative & Requests (Заповядайте; Бихте ли…)
- Ordinal Numbers (първи, втори, трети)
- Telling the Time (Часът е пет; пет и половина)
- Dates (Кой ден сме? на пети май)
- Conditional & Temporal Connectors (ако, щом, докато, когато)
- The Preposition по (motion along / distribution / via)
- The Preposition до (up to / next to / until)
- The Preposition към (towards / about)
- The Preposition при (at someone's / in the case of)
- The Prepositions над / под (above / below)
- The Preposition между (between / among)
- The Preposition без (without)
- Clitic Cluster Order (ще / не / се·си / dat / acc / съм)
- Dative before Accusative (Дай ми го)
- Clitics Cling to the Verb (NOT 2nd position) (Вчера го видях)
- Clitic Doubling — Dative Experiencer (Мене ме боли главата)
- Clitic Doubling — Fronted Object (Иван го видях)
- Negative Concord (Никой не знае; Нищо не казах)
- The Question Particle ли — Placement (Ти ли дойде? Идваш ли?)
- Aorist — What It Is (a living past tense)
- Aorist — First Conjugation (e-stems: чета, пиша)
- Aorist — Second Conjugation (-и stems: говорих, ходих)
- Aorist — Third (а-)Conjugation (играя→играх, искам→исках)
- Aorist — Stress & Stem Vowel Changes (бера→брах)
- Aorist — Key Irregular Verbs (съм→бях, ям→ядох, дам→дадох)
- Aorist vs Imperfect — The Core Choice (четох / четях)
- Imperfect — What It Is (ongoing/repeated past)
- Imperfect — Formation & Endings (четях, пишех, говорех)
- Imperfect — съм & Key Verbs (бях, имах, исках)
- Imperfect for Habit & Repetition (всеки ден ходех)
- Imperfect for Background & Simultaneity (валеше, докато…)
- Past Tense — Negation (не четох, не говорех)
- Conditional — Formation & Paradigm (бих/би/бихме + л-participle)
- Conditional for Polite Requests & Wishes (Бих искал…)
- Conditional in Hypotheticals (Ако имах време, бих дошъл)
- да-Clause of Purpose (Уча, за да науча / отивам да купя)
- да after Phase Verbs (започвам да, продължавам да, спирам да)
- да after Verbs of Wishing/Fearing (искам да, страхувам се да)
- Aspect Choice inside the да-Clause (да чета / да прочета)
- Secondary Imperfectivization (-ва-: запиша→записвам)
- Prefixes that Change Meaning + Perfectivise (пиша→препиша/подпиша)
- The Aspect × Tense Matrix — Overview
- Imperfective Aorist (четох цял ден)
- Perfective Imperfect (всеки ден прочетях по една глава)
- Aspect Choice across Aorist & Imperfect
- Biaspectual Verbs (телефонирам, обядвам)
- Aspect with Phase Verbs (започвам/спирам да + impf)
- Aspect in the Imperative (Прочети! vs Чети!)
- Full vs Short Article in the Predicate (Той е учителят / Той е учител)
- Definiteness with Demonstratives (този стол — NO article)
- Definiteness with Possessives (моята книга / книгата ми)
- Definiteness with Quantifiers (всички, двата, повечето)
- Participle–Subject Agreement in Compound Tenses (дошъл/дошла/дошли)
- The Full-Article Spelling Rule — Introduction (-ът/-ят when subject)
- Comma Rules — Subordinate Clauses (че, да, защото, който)
- Confusable Word Pairs (сватба/свадба, неделя/седмица)
- False Friends vs Russian & Serbian
- Register — Renarrative as Distancing/Politeness
- Register — Formal & Polite Imperatives (Заповядайте; Бихте ли…)
- Relative Pronoun който — Inflected (човекът, който…)
- Relative чийто & каквото (whose / what)
- Indefinite Pronouns (някой, нещо, някакъв, някъде)
- Negative Pronouns & Concord (никой не дойде)
- Reflexive Possessive свой/си (взе своята книга)
- The Preposition на — Functions Review (possession / dative / location)
- The Preposition от — Agent, Source & Partitive
- Prepositions за & по — Nuances
- Compound & Less-Common Prepositions (заради, освен, поради, относно)
- Complement Clauses with че (Казвам, че…)
- че vs да — Factual Statement vs Desired/Purpose
- Indirect Questions with дали (Питам дали…)
- че / да / дали — Choosing the Subordinator
- Causal Clauses with защото & понеже (because/since)
- Conditional Clauses with ако (if)
- Conditional/Temporal щом & в случай че
- Concessive Clauses (въпреки че, макар че, макар да)
- Temporal Clauses (когато, докато, преди да, след като)
- Reported Speech (Каза, че идва)
- Object Fronting with Clitic Doubling (Книгата я прочетох)
- Perfect — Formation (съм + л-participle)
- Perfect — Usage (result/experience, no time anchor)
- Perfect — Auxiliary Placement & Clitic Order (чел съм / не съм чел)
- Pluperfect — Formation (бях + л-participle)
- Pluperfect — Usage (earlier-than-a-past-point)
- Future-in-the-Past — Formation (щях да + present)
- Future-in-the-Past — Usage (intention/unrealised future from a past viewpoint)
- Future-in-the-Past — Negative (нямаше да + present)
- The Participle System — Overview (5 participles)
- Present Active Participle (-ещ/-ащ/-ящ)
- Past Aorist Active Participle (-л: чел, дошъл)
- Past Imperfect Active Participle (-ел/-ял)
- Passive Participle (-н/-т: написан, изпит)
- Adverbial Participle / Gerund (-ейки/-айки)
- Passive with съм + Passive Participle (Писмото е написано)
- se-Passive (Тук се говори български)
- Passive — Choosing съм-passive vs se-passive
- Renarrative — Introduction (преизказно наклонение)
- Renarrative — 3rd-Person Auxiliary Drop (той дошъл vs той е дошъл)
- Renarrative — Present & Aorist Basics (той пишел / той писал)
- Aspect in Negated Imperatives
- Biaspectual Verbs (двувидови глаголи)
- Aspect in да-Complements
- Perfective Present in Subordinate Clauses
- Secondary Imperfectivization — Advanced (-ва-/-ява-)
- Aktionsart — What Prefixes Add (Aktionsart)
- Aspect × Tense Matrix — Advanced Combinations
- Full Clitic Order with съм (Дал съм му я)
- Clitic Climbing across да / modal Boundaries
- Obligatory Clitic Doubling — Configurations
- Clitics with the Question Particle ли
- Clitics with Negation — Full Cluster (не + клитики)
- Proclitic vs Enclitic — the Clause-Initial Rule
- Placement of се / си in the Cluster
- Clefting & Focus Constructions
- ето-Constructions (presentative/deictic)
- Word Order for Emphasis & Information Structure
- Subject–Verb Inversion after Fronted Elements
- Complex Relative Clauses (който with prepositions)
- обаче — Contrastive Connector (however)
- всъщност — Discourse Marker (in fact / actually)
- значи — Resumptive/Inferential Marker (so / well then)
- нали — Confirmation-Seeking Tag (right? / isn't it?)
- при все че / макар че — Advanced Concession (even though)
- освен ако / освен че — Exceptive Connectors (unless / except that)
- Advanced Causal & Result Connectors (понеже, тъй като, затова)
- The Full-Article Spelling Rule (правилото за пълния член)
- Full-Article Rule — the "той/него" Substitution Test
- Short Article after Prepositions (с/на/от + …а/я)
- Assimilation & Spelling (devoicing, double consonants)
- The я/е Alternation (променливо „я“)
- Participial Comma & Advanced Punctuation (деепричастие, причастни обособявания)
- Bureaucratic & Literary Register
- The Turkish Loan Layer (чорба, комшия, бакалия)
- Russian & Church-Slavonic Doublets
- Advanced Collocations & Set Phrases
- Common Idioms & Figurative Phrases
- Renarrative — Aorist-based vs Imperfect-based
- Renarrative of the Perfect (минало неопределено)
- Renarrative of the Future (бъдеще преизказно)
- Conclusive / Inferential Mood (умозаключително)
- Future Perfect (бъдеще предварително време)
- Renarrative Paradigm — Full Overview
- Present Active Participle — Full Mastery (-ещ/-ащ/-ящ)
- Past Aorist Active Participle (минало свършено деятелно -л)
- Past Imperfect Active Participle (минало несвършено деятелно -ел)
- Passive Participle — Full Formation (-н/-т)
- Adverbial Participle / Converb (деепричастие -ейки)
- Participles — Attributive vs Predicative Use
- Participle Agreement & Definite Article
- The Five-Participle System — Overview
- Passive Choice — съм + страдателно vs се-passive
- Passive Agent Phrase (с от)
- Impersonal Passive (безличен страдателен залог)
- Aspect Pairs with Meaning Shift (lexicalized prefixes)
- Aspect Inside Deverbal Nouns (четене vs прочитане)
- Aspectual Choice: Narration vs Description
- Definiteness: Generic vs Specific Reference
- The Article in Idioms, Abstractions & Fixed Phrases
- Definiteness & Information Structure (article as topic marker)
- Literary vs Colloquial Register (high style, marked forms)
- Administrative & Officialese Bulgarian (канцеларски стил)
- Archaisms & Church-Slavonic / Russian Stratum
- Hedging, Mitigation & Advanced Politeness
- The Renarrative as a Journalistic / Distancing Device
- Register-Based Synonym Choice (stratal lexis)
- Discourse Information Structure: Topic–Comment as Text Organization
- Right-Dislocation, Extraposition & Afterthought
- Clitic Doubling — Optionality, Stylistics & Blocking
- Complex Subordination & Embedding
- Ellipsis, Gapping & Cohesion
- Advanced Discourse Connectors & Cohesion
- Quotative & Factivity-Driven че / да Selection
- Dubitative vs Conclusive — Distinguishing the Readings
- The Admirative (Mirative) Reading (А, ти знаел!)
- Taxis & Sequence-of-Tense in Reported Speech
- Relative Tense in Subordinate Clauses (taxis with кога, докато, след като)
- Layering Modality with Evidentiality (трябва да е бил, можело да дойде)
- Counterfactual & Past-Unreal Conditionals — Stylistics
- Deverbal Nouns (отглаголни съществителни: -не / -ние / -ка)
- Abstract & Quality Nouns (-ост / -ство / -ние)
- Diminutives & Augmentatives (-че / -ка / -ле vs -ище)
- Prefixation Productivity & Compounding
- Stratal Derivation: Turkish, Greek & Russian Layers
What the bulgarian guide covers
Verb usage (42) · Verb tenses (38) · Aspect (24) · Determiners (22) · Connectors (20) · Clitics (19) · Prepositions (19) · Pronouns (19) · Syntax (19) · Orthography (14) · Agreement (13) · Register (12) · Vocabulary usage (12) · Numbers dates time (5)
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