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A172 topics
- · Present Tense - Regular -ARE Verbs
- · Present Tense - Regular -ERE Verbs
- · Present Tense - Regular -IRE Verbs (dormire type)
- · Present Tense - -IRE Verbs with -isc- (finire, capire, preferire)
A263 topics
- · Passato Prossimo with Avere
- · Passato Prossimo with Essere (motion, state change, reflexives)
- · Passato Prossimo - Reflexive Verbs (always with essere)
- · Irregular Past Participles (fatto, detto, scritto, letto, visto, aperto, chiuso)
B165 topics
- · Conditional Present - Regular Verbs
- · Conditional Present - Irregular Stems
- · Conditional Past (sarei andato, avrei fatto)
- · Trapassato Prossimo
B268 topics
- · Passato Remoto - Regular Verbs
- · Passato Remoto - Irregular Verbs (1-3-3 pattern)
- · Trapassato Remoto - Recognition
- · Sequence of Tenses - Indicative
C132 topics
- · Passato Remoto - Active Production
- · Trapassato Remoto - Production
- · Passato Remoto vs Passato Prossimo - Stylistic/Regional Choice
- · Subtle Nuances: stare/andare/venire + gerundio
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- Present Tense - Regular -ARE Verbs
- Present Tense - Regular -ERE Verbs
- Present Tense - Regular -IRE Verbs (dormire type)
- Present Tense - -IRE Verbs with -isc- (finire, capire, preferire)
- Present Tense - Essere (to be)
- Present Tense - Avere (to have)
- Present Tense - Andare and Venire
- Present Tense - Fare, Dare, Stare
- Present Tense - Modal Verbs Potere, Volere, Dovere
- Present Tense - Sapere and Conoscere
- Present Continuous (stare + gerundio)
- Imperative - tu / voi Forms (affirmative)
- Reflexive (Pronominal) Verbs - Basic
- Reflexive Verbs for Daily Routine
- Essere vs Avere - Basic Distinction
- C'è / Ci sono - Existence / There is/are
- Idiomatic Avere Expressions (fame, sete, caldo, freddo, sonno, paura, anni)
- Fare - Weather, Sports, Activities
- Piacere - Basic (mi piace / mi piacciono)
- Verbs of Preference (amare, adorare, preferire, odiare)
- Potere + Infinitive
- Volere + Infinitive / Noun
- Grammatical Gender - Basic
- Gender Clues from Noun Endings
- Plural Formation - Basic
- Plural Spelling Changes (-co/-go, -ca/-ga, -cio/-gio, -cia/-gia)
- Adjective Agreement - 4-ending Adjectives (-o/-a/-i/-e)
- Adjective Agreement - 2-ending Adjectives (-e / -i)
- Adjective Position (usually after noun; common pre-noun adjectives)
- Definite Articles - Full Paradigm (il, lo, l', la, i, gli, le)
- Indefinite Articles (un, uno, una, un')
- Partitive Articles (del, dello, della, dei, degli, delle)
- Demonstratives (questo, quello) - Adjective Forms
- Possessives with Definite Article (il mio, la mia, i miei, le mie...)
- Subject Pronouns (io, tu, lui/lei/Lei, noi, voi, loro) and pro-drop
- Formal Lei (3rd-person singular as formal 'you')
- Tonic/Stressed Pronouns (me, te, lui, lei, noi, voi, loro)
- Direct Object Pronouns (mi, ti, lo, la, ci, vi, li, le)
- Indirect Object Pronouns (mi, ti, gli, le, ci, vi, gli/loro)
- Reflexive Pronouns (mi, ti, si, ci, vi, si)
- Possessives as Pronouns (il mio è rosso)
- Interrogative Pronouns/Adjectives (chi, che, che cosa, quale, quanto)
- Preposition Di - Basic Uses (possession, origin, material, topic)
- Preposition A - Basic Uses (direction, location, time)
- Preposition Da - Basic Uses (origin, agent, at someone's)
- Preposition In - Basic Uses (location, means)
- Prepositions Su, Con, Per - Basic
- Articulated Prepositions - Introduction (del, al, nello, sulla, dai, negli...)
- A vs In with Cities and Countries (a Roma / in Italia)
- Basic Time Prepositions (a, di, in, fra/tra)
- Basic Word Order (SVO) with Pro-drop
- Questions by Intonation / Same Word Order
- Basic Question Words (dove, quando, come, perché, quanto)
- Subject Position in Questions (post-verbal inversion is optional)
- Basic Coordination (e, o, ma)
- Addition (anche, pure)
- Time Sequence (prima, poi, dopo, infine)
- Basic Negation with non (before the verb)
- Double Negation Principle (non ... mai/niente/nessuno)
- non ... mai (never)
- non ... niente / nulla (nothing)
- non ... nessuno (nobody / no one; as determiner and pronoun)
- non ... più vs non ... ancora (no more / not yet)
- Written Accents (à, è, é, ì, ò, ù) - Basics
- Elision and Apostrophe (l', un', d', anch'io)
- Double Consonants - Basic Awareness
- Soft vs Hard C and G; chi/che, ghi/ghe spelling
- tu vs Lei vs voi (formal/informal)
- Greetings (Ciao, Salve, Buongiorno, Buonasera, Arrivederci, ArrivederLa)
- Recognising Cognates (IT-EN)
- Cardinal Numbers 1-100
- Days, Months and Seasons
- Passato Prossimo with Avere
- Passato Prossimo with Essere (motion, state change, reflexives)
- Passato Prossimo - Reflexive Verbs (always with essere)
- Irregular Past Participles (fatto, detto, scritto, letto, visto, aperto, chiuso)
- Imperfetto - Formation (all three conjugations)
- Imperfetto - Irregular Verbs (essere, fare, dire, bere)
- Futuro Semplice - Regular Verbs
- Futuro Semplice - Irregular Stems (andare, avere, essere, fare, venire, vedere...)
- Negative Imperative (non + infinitive for tu)
- Formal Imperative (Lei form, actually congiuntivo)
- Passato Prossimo vs Imperfetto - Basic
- Piacere - Full Use (all persons, with indirect pronouns)
- Piacere-Family Verbs (mancare, servire, bastare, interessare)
- Da + Time Expression with Present (for duration)
- Dovere - Obligation and Probability (basic)
- Sapere vs Conoscere
- Reciprocal Verbs (ci vediamo, si amano)
- Andare/Venire with Places (andare a / in / da)
- Stare per + Infinitive (about to do)
- Irregular Plurals (uomo/uomini, uovo/uova m→f, dito/dita, braccio/braccia)
- Invariant Plurals (città, caffè, bar, film, crisi)
- Adjective Position Changes Meaning (grande, povero, vecchio, caro)
- Bello, Buono, Santo, Grande - Troncamento (bel, buon, san, gran)
- Past Participle Agreement with Essere
- Comparatives (più/meno/(tanto)...(quanto))
- Relative and Absolute Superlatives (il più... / -issimo)
- Pronoun Ci - Place and Prepositional Replacement
- Pronoun Ne - Partitive / Topic / 'Of It/Them'
- Combined Clitics - Basic (me lo, te la, ce ne, ve li)
- Glielo / Gliela / Glieli / Gliele / Gliene
- Clitic Attachment to Infinitive (portarlo, darglielo)
- Clitic Position with Modal Verbs (lo posso fare / posso farlo)
- Relative Pronouns che and cui
- Possessives without Article for Singular Family (mio padre, sua sorella)
- Articulated Prepositions - Full Paradigm (di+il, a+la, da+gli, in+le, su+i...)
- Di vs Da (origin and 'from')
- Da + Person (at/to someone's place/shop)
- Time Prepositions: fra/tra, da, per, durante
- Transport (a piedi, in macchina, con il treno)
- Location Prepositions (davanti a, dietro a, vicino a, lontano da, sopra, sotto)
- Per (cause, purpose, duration, direction)
- Common Verb + Preposition Combinations (pensare a, parlare di, cominciare a, finire di)
- Presentative Ecco + Clitic Pronouns (Ecco Paolo! Eccolo! Eccomi!)
- Advanced Negation (non... né... né, non... affatto, non... mica)
- Exclamative Sentences (che, quanto, come)
- Basic Reported Speech (Present)
- Comparison Structures (più di / più che, meno di / meno che)
- Quando + Futuro (future reference in time subordinates)
- Cause: perché, siccome, poiché
- Consequence: quindi, allora, perciò, così
- Contrast: ma, però, invece, anzi
- Purpose: per + infinitive
- Time: quando, mentre, dopo che, prima di
- Accents that Distinguish Meaning (e/è, la/là, si/sì, da/dà, ne/né)
- Apostrophe vs Troncamento (un amico / un'amica; un po' / po)
- Silent H (ho, hai, ha, hanno)
- qu / cqu / cu Spelling (cuore, acqua, scuola)
- Politeness - Vorrei, Potrei (conditional for requests)
- Email Greetings and Closings (Gentile, Cordiali saluti, A presto)
- Common False Friends (IT-EN) (libreria, parente, morbido, educato)
- Numbers above 100 (cento, mille, milione, miliardo)
- Ordinal Numbers (primo, secondo, ventunesimo)
- Telling Time (official vs conversational, 'sono le...' / 'è l'una')
- Conditional Present - Regular Verbs
- Conditional Present - Irregular Stems
- Conditional Past (sarei andato, avrei fatto)
- Trapassato Prossimo
- Futuro Anteriore
- Passato Prossimo vs Imperfetto - Advanced Narrative Choice
- Gerundio (presente and passato) - Uses
- Participio Presente (-ante, -ente) - Adjectival/Lexicalized Use
- Passive Voice - Basic (essere and venire + participle)
- Imperative + Clitic Pronouns - Informal and Formal (dammi, diglielo, non farlo; mi dia, me lo dica)
- Si Impersonale and Si Passivante
- Modal Verbs: Choice of Essere/Avere in Compound Tenses
- Fare Causative (far fare, farsi fare)
- Lasciare + Infinitive (let someone do)
- Aspectual Periphrases (stare per, stare + gerundio, andare + gerundio)
- Pronominal/Idiomatic Verbs (farcela, andarsene, cavarsela, mettercela)
- Volerci vs Metterci (to take time/effort)
- Venire as Passive Auxiliary (viene costruita)
- Dovere — Obligation vs Probability (dev'essere stanco)
- Congiuntivo Presente - Regular Verbs
- Congiuntivo Presente - Irregular Verbs
- Congiuntivo Passato (che io abbia fatto / sia andato)
- Subjunctive after Opinion Verbs (penso, credo, suppongo che)
- Subjunctive after Emotion Verbs (spero, mi dispiace, ho paura che)
- Subjunctive after Desire/Wish (volere, desiderare, preferire che)
- Subjunctive after Doubt/Denial/Negation (dubitare, non credere che)
- Subjunctive after Impersonal Expressions (bisogna, è importante che)
- Subjunctive after Conjunctions (benché, sebbene, affinché, purché, a meno che)
- Subjunctive after Temporal Conjunctions (prima che)
- Infinitive vs Congiuntivo (same vs different subjects)
- Past Participle Agreement with Preceding Direct Object Pronouns
- Past Participle Agreement with Ne (partitive)
- Past Participle Agreement - Reflexive vs Direct Object
- Relative Pronouns - Il quale, cui with Prepositions
- Relative chi ('the one who'), coloro che, quelli che
- Clitic Attachment to Gerundio and Participle
- Ci as Prepositional Argument of Cognitive/Perceptive Verbs
- Ne with Verbs and Expressions
- A vs Di before Infinitive - Intermediate Verbs
- Verbs Governing A (pensare a, credere a, partecipare a)
- Verbs Governing Di (parlare di, aver bisogno di, ricordarsi di)
- Verbs Governing Da, Su, Con (dipendere da, contare su, accontentarsi di)
- Compound Prepositions (a causa di, grazie a, invece di, nonostante, insieme a)
- Prepositions after Adjectives (contento di, pronto a, bravo in)
- Prepositions after Nouns (paura di, bisogno di, interesse per)
- Periodo Ipotetico Tipo I - Reality
- Periodo Ipotetico Tipo II - Possibility
- Reported Speech with Tense Shift (past reporting verb)
- Infinitive Subordinate Clauses
- Passive Voice - Advanced
- Cleft Sentences (è...che / è...chi)
- Subject Expression for Focus/Contrast (Io lo so, tu no)
- Concession (anche se + indicativo; sebbene/benché + congiuntivo)
- Advanced Time Connectors (appena, non appena, finché, finché non, fintantoché)
- Reformulation (cioè, ossia, vale a dire, in altre parole)
- Exemplification (per esempio, ad esempio, come, tra cui)
- Summary / Conclusion (insomma, in conclusione, in sintesi, alla fine)
- Opinion Markers (secondo me, a mio avviso, mi sembra che, direi che)
- Grammatical Homophones (a/ha, anno/hanno, o/ho, e/è, se/sé)
- Adverb Formation in -mente (from feminine adjective)
- Hedging and Softening (magari, forse, diciamo, un po')
- Spoken vs Written Italian
- Common Italian Collocations
- Word Formation: Common Suffixes (-zione, -mento, -tà, -ezza, -ista)
- Percentages and Fractions
- Passato Remoto - Regular Verbs
- Passato Remoto - Irregular Verbs (1-3-3 pattern)
- Trapassato Remoto - Recognition
- Sequence of Tenses - Indicative
- Sequence of Tenses - Subjunctive (contemporaneità, anteriorità, posteriorità)
- Futuro and Condizionale for Supposition/Probability
- Passato Prossimo vs Passato Remoto (register, regional, stylistic)
- Perfective vs Imperfective Aspect across Tenses
- Condizionale Passato for Future-in-the-Past
- Advanced Aspectual Periphrases
- Pseudo-Copulative Verbs (diventare, rimanere, sembrare, parere, risultare)
- Perception Verbs + Infinitive / Gerundio (vedere, sentire, guardare)
- Causative Nuances (far fare, farsi fare, lasciar fare, rendere + aggettivo)
- Advanced Pronominal Verbs (farcela, prendersela, sentirsela, aspettarsela)
- Si Impersonale in Compound Tenses
- Modal Nuances in Compound Tenses (avrei dovuto / sarei dovuto / avrei potuto fare)
- Impersonal Constructions (bisogna, occorre, ci vuole, basta che)
- Infinitive vs Che Clause in Complements
- Congiuntivo Imperfetto
- Congiuntivo Trapassato
- Periodo Ipotetico Tipo III - Impossibility
- Mixed Conditional Sentences (Type II + III)
- Come se + Congiuntivo Imperfetto/Trapassato
- Congiuntivo in Relative Clauses with Indefinite/Negative/Superlative Antecedent
- Magari + Congiuntivo (wish/regret)
- Che + Congiuntivo at Sentence Start (wish/order)
- Full Sequence of Tenses with Congiuntivo
- Indicative vs Congiuntivo by Polarity
- Past Participle - Advanced Pronominal Cases
- Past Participle Agreement with Si Impersonale / Passivante
- Complex Subject-Verb Agreement (né... né, l'uno e l'altro, la maggior parte di)
- Agreement with Collective/Quantifying Nouns (un gruppo di, una serie di)
- Nouns Changing Gender in Plural (il braccio/le braccia, il paio/le paia)
- Neuter Relative il che / la qual cosa (whole-clause antecedent)
- Clitic Raising with Modal Chains (lo devo poter fare / posso doverlo fare)
- Emphatic Pronouns (io stesso, me stesso, proprio io)
- Advanced Indefinite Pronouns (chiunque, qualunque, qualsiasi, ciascuno, altrui)
- Ne - Advanced (locative, partitive with quantifiers, verbal ne)
- A vs Di before Infinitive - Advanced Verbs and Nuances
- Advanced Verb + Preposition (consistere in, trattarsi di, basarsi su)
- Formal Compound Prepositions (in virtù di, in conformità a, nell'ambito di)
- Figurative/Abstract Uses of A, Di, Su, In
- Advanced Adjective + Preposition (convinto di, deluso da, all'altezza di)
- Infinitive as Prepositional Complement (la decisione di partire)
- Alternatives to the Passive (si passivante, venire, andare + participle)
- Andare + Participle for Obligation (va fatto, andrebbe considerato)
- Left Dislocation with Clitic Resumption (Il libro, l'ho letto)
- Right Dislocation (L'ho letto, il libro)
- Advanced Cleft (pseudo-cleft: quello che voglio è...)
- Advanced Concessive Clauses (per quanto, comunque, qualunque cosa)
- Consecutive Clauses (così... che, tanto... che, talmente... che)
- Advanced Embedded Questions (non so se, mi chiedo se, dipende da come)
- Advanced Contrast (tuttavia, eppure, nondimeno, bensì, mentre)
- Advanced Consequence (di conseguenza, pertanto, dunque, sicché)
- Advanced Conditional (qualora, nel caso in cui, a patto che, purché)
- Advanced Cause (dato che, visto che, dal momento che, in quanto)
- Advanced Temporal/Aspectual (man mano che, a mano a mano che, nel momento in cui)
- Conditional for Politeness/Attenuation/Unconfirmed Information
- Academic Italian Register (nominalization, passive, impersonal, hedging)
- Business Italian Register
- Regional Variation (Northern, Central, Southern Italian)
- Register Levels (formale, standard, colloquiale, gergale)
- Alterative Suffixes (Diminutive/Augmentative/Pejorative/Affectionate)
- Advanced False Friends
- Advanced Collocations
- Nominalization Patterns (infinito sostantivato, -zione, -mento)
- Proverbs and Idiomatic Expressions
- Compound Words, Hyphenation, Apocope Rules
- Passato Remoto - Active Production
- Trapassato Remoto - Production
- Passato Remoto vs Passato Prossimo - Stylistic/Regional Choice
- Subtle Nuances: stare/andare/venire + gerundio
- Advanced Modal Periphrases (avere da, esserci da, essere in grado di, stare per)
- Lexical Aspect / Aktionsart (telicity, boundedness)
- Causative - Advanced (farsi fare, lasciarsi convincere, complement as indirect object)
- Full Literary Concordance of Tenses in Subjunctive
- Subtle Mood Choices that Change Meaning
- Fixed Formulas with Subjunctive
- Subjunctive in Reported Speech - Literary and Formal Use
- Congiuntivo in Independent/Main Clauses (wishes, hypotheses, polite orders)
- Advanced Fronting for Focus
- Advanced Left Dislocation with Resumptive Clitic
- Advanced Right Dislocation and Marked Themes
- Ellipsis and Gapping
- Stylistic Inversion (literary narration, after certain adverbs)
- Precision Reformulation Connectors
- Evidentiality Markers (pare, sembra, a quanto pare, stando a)
- Text-Structuring Connectors for Extended Discourse
- Literary Register and Style
- Journalistic Register (headlines, nominalization, condizionale di notizia non confermata)
- Legal / Administrative Italian (burocratese)
- Irony, Understatement, Litote
- Paronyms and Near-Homonyms (effettivo/efficace, formale/formalistico)
- Neologisms and Anglicisms (integration, inflection, gender assignment)
- Register-Based Synonym Selection (mangiare/cibarsi/pappare)
- Relative Pronoun Precision (che vs il quale vs cui; ambiguity resolution)
- Clitic Placement - Precision in Multi-verb Chains and Compound Tenses
- Prepositions in Abstract / Figurative Relations
- Advanced Punctuation (virgola, punto e virgola, due punti, lineette, virgolette «» / "")
- Italian Capitalization Rules and Titles
What the italian guide covers
Verb tenses (45) · Verb usage (40) · Syntax (38) · Prepositions (30) · Pronouns (28) · Congiuntivo (24) · Agreement (22) · Connectors (22) · Register (15) · Orthography (13) · Vocabulary (10) · Determiners (5) · Numbers dates time (5) · Vocabulary usage (2) · Numbers (1)
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