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A173 topics
- · Present Tense - Regular -ER Verbs
- · Present Tense - Regular -IR Verbs (finir type)
- · Present Tense - Regular -RE Verbs
- · Present Tense - Être (to be)
A262 topics
- · Passé Composé with Avoir
- · Passé Composé with Être (Dr & Mrs Vandertramp)
- · Passé Composé - Pronominal Verbs (with être)
- · Passé Composé - Irregular Past Participles
B164 topics
- · Present Subjunctive - Regular Verbs
- · Present Subjunctive - Irregular Verbs (être, avoir, aller, faire, pouvoir, savoir, vouloir)
- · Conditional Present - Formation
- · Conditional - Irregular Stems
B269 topics
- · Conditional Past
- · Past Subjunctive
- · Passé Simple - Recognition (literary)
- · Passé Antérieur - Recognition (literary)
C132 topics
- · Passé Simple - Active Production
- · Passé Antérieur - Active Production
- · Surcomposé Tenses (j'ai eu fait)
- · Ne Explétif (Advanced Usage)
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- Present Tense - Regular -ER Verbs
- Present Tense - Regular -IR Verbs (finir type)
- Present Tense - Regular -RE Verbs
- Present Tense - Être (to be)
- Present Tense - Avoir (to have)
- Present Tense - Aller and Venir
- Present Tense - Faire (to do / to make)
- Present Tense - Modal Verbs Pouvoir / Vouloir / Devoir
- Present Tense - Irregular -IR Verbs (partir, sortir, dormir)
- Immediate Future (aller + infinitive)
- Recent Past (venir de + infinitive)
- Present Continuous (être en train de)
- Reflexive (Pronominal) Verbs - Basic
- Reflexive Verbs - Daily Routine
- Être vs Avoir - Basic Distinction
- Il y a - Existence / There is / There are
- C'est vs Il est
- Faire - Weather, Sports, Activities
- Idiomatic Avoir Expressions (faim, soif, froid, chaud...)
- Verbs of Preference (aimer, adorer, préférer, détester)
- Pouvoir + Infinitive
- Vouloir + Infinitive
- Written Accents - Basic (é, è, ê, à, ù, ç)
- Elision (l', d', j', n', m', t', s', c', qu')
- Basic Liaison
- Basic French Punctuation (guillemets, non-breaking space before ? ! : ;, dialogue dashes)
- Tu vs Vous
- Formal Greetings (Bonjour, Madame/Monsieur)
- Informal Greetings (Salut, Ça va, Coucou, À plus)
- Recognising Cognates (FR-EN)
- Cardinal Numbers 1-69
- Days, Months and Seasons
- Grammatical Gender - Basic
- Gender Clues from Noun Endings
- Plural Formation - Basic (+s, +x)
- Irregular Plurals (-al → -aux, -eu → -eux, -ou → -oux)
- Adjective Gender Agreement - Basic
- Adjective Number Agreement - Basic
- Adjective Position (BAGS / pre-noun adjectives)
- Definite Articles (le, la, l', les)
- Indefinite Articles (un, une, des)
- Partitive Articles (du, de la, de l', des)
- Contracted Articles (au, aux, du, des)
- Demonstrative Determiners (ce, cet, cette, ces)
- Subject Pronouns
- On as 'We' (spoken French)
- Tonic / Stressed Pronouns (moi, toi, lui, elle, nous, vous, eux, elles)
- Direct Object Pronouns (me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les)
- Indirect Object Pronouns (me, te, lui, nous, vous, leur)
- Reflexive Pronouns (me, te, se, nous, vous, se)
- Possessive Adjectives (mon, ma, mes, ton, ta, tes, son, sa, ses...)
- Interrogative Pronouns & Adjective (qui, que, quoi, quel)
- Preposition À - Basic Uses
- Preposition De - Basic Uses (possession, origin, material)
- Preposition En - Basic Uses
- Location: dans, sur, sous
- Preposition Chez
- Avec, Sans, Pour
- À vs En with Cities and Countries
- Basic Time Prepositions (à, en, dans, pendant)
- Basic Word Order (SVO)
- Questions by Intonation (Informal)
- Questions with Est-ce que
- Basic Question Adverbs (où, quand, comment, pourquoi, combien)
- Basic Coordination (et, ou, mais)
- Addition (aussi, et)
- Time Sequence (d'abord, puis, ensuite, enfin)
- Basic Negation ne...pas
- Negation and Indefinite/Partitive Articles (un → de)
- ne...jamais (never)
- ne...rien (nothing)
- ne...personne (nobody)
- ne...plus (no more / no longer)
- Passé Composé with Avoir
- Passé Composé with Être (Dr & Mrs Vandertramp)
- Passé Composé - Pronominal Verbs (with être)
- Passé Composé - Irregular Past Participles
- Imparfait - Formation
- Imparfait of Être, Avoir, Faire
- Simple Future - Regular Verbs
- Simple Future - Irregular Stems
- Affirmative Imperative
- Negative Imperative
- Passé Composé vs Imparfait - Basic
- Depuis + Present / Imparfait for Duration
- Il faut + Infinitive
- Savoir vs Connaître
- Devoir - Obligation and Probability (basic)
- Reciprocal Pronominal Verbs (se parler, se voir)
- Pronominal Verbs with Meaning Change (s'appeler, se tromper)
- Aller/Venir with Places
- Irregular Adjective Forms (beau, nouveau, vieux)
- Adjective Position Changes Meaning (grand, ancien, propre)
- Past Participle Agreement with Être
- Past Participle Agreement with Avoir + Preceding COD
- Comparatives of Adjectives (plus/moins/aussi...que)
- Superlatives of Adjectives (le/la plus...)
- Irregular Comparatives (meilleur, pire, mieux)
- Pronoun Y - Place
- Pronoun En - Quantity / de + noun
- Basic Double Object Pronouns
- Relative Pronoun Qui
- Relative Pronoun Que
- Relative Pronoun Où
- Demonstrative Pronouns (celui, celle, ceux, celles)
- Possessive Pronouns (le mien, la mienne...)
- À vs De before Infinitive (basic verbs)
- Depuis vs Pendant vs Pour (time)
- Avant, Après, Il y a, Dans (time)
- Location Prepositions (devant, derrière, entre, parmi, près de, loin de)
- Transport (à/en vélo, en voiture, à pied)
- Avoir mal à + Body Parts
- Par (Agent, Cause, Means)
- Common Verb+Preposition Combinations
- Questions by Inversion (formal)
- Advanced Negation (ne...que, ne...ni...ni, ne...aucun)
- Exclamative Sentences (quel, que, comme)
- Basic Reported Speech (Present)
- Comparison Structures (adjective/adverb/noun)
- Quand + Futur Simple (future reference in subordinates)
- Cause: parce que, car, puisque
- Consequence: donc, alors, c'est pourquoi
- Contrast connectors: mais, par contre, pourtant, cependant
- Purpose: pour + infinitive (and afin de)
- Time connectors: quand, lorsque, pendant que, dès que
- Accents that Change Meaning (a/à, ou/où, sur/sûr, la/là)
- The Cedilla (ç)
- The Tréma (ë, ï, ü)
- Apostrophe / Elision Rules
- Politeness - Je voudrais, Pourriez-vous, J'aimerais
- Email Greetings and Closings
- Common False Friends (FR-EN)
- Numbers 70 and above (soixante-dix, quatre-vingts, cent, mille, million)
- Ordinal Numbers (premier, deuxième, vingt-et-unième)
- Telling Time (official / conversational)
- Present Subjunctive - Regular Verbs
- Present Subjunctive - Irregular Verbs (être, avoir, aller, faire, pouvoir, savoir, vouloir)
- Conditional Present - Formation
- Conditional - Irregular Stems
- Plus-que-parfait
- Futur Antérieur
- Passé Composé vs Imparfait - Advanced Nuances & Narrative Choice
- Gérondif (en + -ant)
- Participe Présent (-ant)
- Passive Voice - Basic
- Imperative + Object Pronouns (donne-moi, n'y va pas)
- Devoir - Obligation, Probability, Supposition
- Pouvoir vs Savoir (to be able to)
- Faire Causative (faire + infinitive)
- Laisser + Infinitive
- Venir de in Imparfait (had just...)
- Être sur le point de
- Manquer (to miss - inverted structure)
- Plaire (similar to Spanish gustar)
- Subjunctive after Emotion Verbs
- Subjunctive after Desire / Wish (vouloir que, souhaiter que)
- Subjunctive after Doubt and Denial
- Subjunctive after Impersonal Expressions (il faut que, il est important que)
- Subjunctive in Purpose Clauses (pour que, afin que)
- Subjunctive after Concessive Conjunctions (bien que, quoique)
- Subjunctive after Conditional Conjunctions (à condition que, pourvu que, à moins que)
- Subjunctive after Temporal Conjunctions (avant que, jusqu'à ce que, en attendant que)
- Subjunctive after Superlative or Rare Antecedent (le seul qui, le premier qui)
- Infinitive vs Subjunctive (same/different subjects)
- Past Participle Agreement - Pronominal Verbs (reflexive vs reciprocal direct/indirect)
- Past Participle with Avoir - Complex Cases (with en, with relative que, with quantity)
- Agreement with Collective Nouns (la plupart, une foule de)
- Order of Multiple Object Pronouns
- Y and En with Specific Verbs (penser à, parler de)
- Relative Pronoun Lequel (basic)
- Relative Pronoun Dont
- Ce qui / ce que / ce dont
- À vs De before Infinitive - Advanced Verbs
- Verbs with Indirect Object Preposition (parler à, répondre à)
- Verbs with De (parler de, se souvenir de)
- Compound Prepositions (à cause de, grâce à, au lieu de)
- En vs Dans (duration nuance)
- Par vs Pour - Nuances
- Prepositions after Adjectives (content de, prêt à, capable de)
- Si Clauses Type 1 (si + present, future)
- Si Clauses Type 2 (si + imparfait, conditional)
- Reported Speech with Tense Shift (past reporting verb)
- Advanced Relative Clauses
- Passive Voice - Advanced (choosing passive, on, se-faire-passive; agent par vs de)
- Cleft Sentences (c'est...qui/que)
- Adverb Placement (simple tenses, compound tenses, with infinitive)
- Concession Connectors (bien que, malgré, quoique)
- Advanced Time Connectors (dès que, aussitôt que, à peine...que)
- Reformulation (c'est-à-dire, autrement dit, en d'autres termes)
- Exemplification (par exemple, notamment, entre autres)
- Summary / Conclusion (en somme, en conclusion, finalement)
- Opinion Markers (à mon avis, selon moi, il me semble que)
- Grammatical Homophones (a/à, est/et, son/sont, ces/ses/c'est/s'est)
- Adverb Formation in -ment
- Hedging and Softening in Discourse
- Spoken vs Written French (ne-drop, on=nous, questions)
- Common French Collocations
- Word Formation: Common Suffixes
- Percentages, Fractions, Large Numbers
- Conditional Past
- Past Subjunctive
- Passé Simple - Recognition (literary)
- Passé Antérieur - Recognition (literary)
- Sequence of Tenses - Indicative
- Sequence of Tenses - Subjunctive
- Future & Conditional for Probability/Hypothesis
- Passé Composé vs Passé Simple (register distinction)
- Perfective vs Imperfective Aspect across Tenses
- Aspectual Periphrases (être en train de, venir de, se mettre à, finir par, continuer à/de)
- Pseudo-Copulative Verbs (devenir, rester, paraître, sembler)
- Perception Verbs + Infinitive (voir, entendre, regarder...)
- Causative Nuances (faire, laisser, rendre + adjective)
- Pronominal Passive (se vendre, se manger)
- Advanced Pronominal Meaning Shifts
- Modal Nuances of Devoir and Pouvoir (conditional/past forms)
- Impersonal Constructions (il s'agit de, il reste, il manque)
- Infinitive vs Que Clause in Complements
- Belief Verbs - Polarity & Nuance (penser/croire/être sûr + positive vs negative/interrogative; il me semble vs il semble que)
- Subjunctive in Relative Clauses (indefinite antecedent)
- Subjunctive in Relative Clauses (negative antecedent)
- Avant que + ne explétif
- À moins que / de peur que + ne explétif
- Subjonctif Passé - Anteriority
- Fixed Subjunctive Phrases (vive..., soit..., quoi qu'il en soit)
- Embedded Question + Subjunctive (se demander si, je ne pense pas que)
- Subjunctive with Fronted Que Clause (Que + subjunctive meaning wish/order)
- Indicative after si bien que, de sorte que (result)
- Past Participle Pronominal - Advanced Cases
- Past Participle + Infinitive (fait, laissé, vu + inf.)
- Past Participle with En (no agreement)
- Complex Subject-Verb Agreement (ni...ni, l'un et l'autre, la plupart de)
- Agreement with Quantifying Nouns (un groupe de, une série de)
- Relative Lequel - Advanced (prepositional, possessive-de-qui)
- Duquel, Auquel, Desquels, Auxquelles
- Tonic Pronouns for Emphasis (Moi, je..., C'est moi qui...)
- Advanced Indefinite Pronouns (quiconque, quelconque, n'importe qui/quoi/où)
- Pronoun Placement with Multiple Verbs (aller/vouloir/devoir + inf.)
- Omission/Intrusion of De before Infinitive (décider de, accepter de, espérer Ø)
- Advanced Verb+Preposition (tenir à, s'agir de, se douter de)
- Formal Compound Prepositions (en vertu de, au terme de, à l'égard de)
- Figurative/Abstract en, dans, sur
- Prepositions after Abstract Adjectives
- Infinitive as Prepositional Complement
- Si Clauses Type 3 (si + plus-que-parfait, conditional past)
- Mixed Conditional Sentences
- Comme si + Imparfait/Plus-que-parfait
- Concessive Clauses (quoi que, où que, qui que)
- Result/Consecutive Clauses (si... que, tellement... que, tant... que)
- Alternatives to the Passive Voice (on, se-passive, se faire + inf.)
- Full Pronominal Compaction (le lui en donner)
- Advanced Embedded Questions (si, ce que, ce qui)
- Advanced Contrast (cependant, néanmoins, toutefois, en revanche)
- Advanced Consequence (par conséquent, de ce fait, du coup)
- Advanced Conditional (à supposer que, pour peu que, au cas où)
- Advanced Cause (étant donné que, vu que, du fait que, sous prétexte que)
- Temporal Aspectual Connectors (à mesure que, au fur et à mesure que, tant que)
- Conditional & Imperfect for Politeness / Attenuation
- Academic Register Features
- Business French Register
- Regional Variation (France, Québec, Belgium, Switzerland, Africa)
- Register Levels (familier, courant, soutenu)
- Awareness of Verlan / Slang (recognition only)
- Advanced False Friends
- Advanced Collocations
- Nominalization Patterns
- Proverbs and Idiomatic Expressions
- Compound Words and Hyphenation
- 1990 Spelling Reform Awareness
- Passé Simple - Active Production
- Passé Antérieur - Active Production
- Surcomposé Tenses (j'ai eu fait)
- Ne Explétif (Advanced Usage)
- Faire / Rendre / Laisser - Causative Nuances (advanced)
- Advanced Modal Periphrases (être censé, être supposé, avoir beau)
- Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart)
- Imparfait and Plus-que-parfait du Subjonctif (literary)
- Subjunctive in Independent Clauses (wishes, orders)
- Subtle Mood Contrasts That Change Meaning
- Fixed Formulas with Relative Subjunctive
- Full Literary Concordance of Tenses in Subjunctive
- Advanced Fronting for Focus
- Left Dislocation with Resumptive Pronoun
- Right Dislocation (colloquial emphasis)
- Ellipsis and Gapping
- Stylistic Inversion (after adverbs, in relatives, in literary narration)
- Precision Reformulation Connectors
- Evidentiality Markers
- Text-Structuring Connectors for Extended Discourse
- Literary Register & Style
- Journalistic Register & Style
- Legal / Administrative French
- Irony, Understatement and Litote
- Paronyms and Near-Homonyms
- Neologisms and Anglicisms - Integration
- Register-Based Synonym Selection
- Precision with Relative Pronouns (lequel vs qui/que; redundant antecedents)
- Clitic Placement - Precision in Multi-verb Chains
- Prepositions in Abstract / Figurative Relations
- Advanced Punctuation (non-breaking spaces, guillemets, tiret)
- French Capitalization Rules and Titles
What the french guide covers
Verb tenses (46) · Verb usage (38) · Syntax (36) · Prepositions (30) · Pronouns (28) · Agreement (22) · Connectors (22) · Subjunctive triggers (20) · Register (17) · Orthography (14) · Vocabulary usage (8) · Numbers dates time (6) · Determiners (5) · Subjunctive (5) · Vocabulary (3)
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