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A173 topics
- · Present Tense - Regular Verbs (-r ending)
- · Present Tense - Class 1 (kaste/kastet) Verbs in Present
- · Present Tense - Class 2 (spise/spiste) Verbs in Present
- · Present Tense - være (er)
A264 topics
- · Preterite - Class 1 (-et: kastet, snakket, jobbet)
- · Preterite - Class 2 (-te: spiste, leste, kjøpte)
- · Preterite - Class 3 (-dde: bodde, trodde, betydde)
- · Preterite - Class 4 Short Verbs (gå/gikk, stå/sto, se/så, få/fikk)
B164 topics
- · Preterite - Full Strong Verb Classes (Ablaut series: i-a-u, e-a-å, etc.)
- · Past Perfect (Pluskvamperfektum: hadde + past participle)
- · Future Perfect (skal ha + past participle)
- · Future-in-the-Past with skulle (han sa han skulle komme)
B268 topics
- · Strong Verb Ablaut Classes — Systematic Treatment
- · Mixed and Irregular Verbs — Comprehensive (gjøre, si, spørre, selge, treffe)
- · Perfect vs Preterite — Register and Time-Reference Refinement
- · Pluperfect in Narrative Anchoring
C131 topics
- · Subjective/Evidential Modals — Full System (skal = hearsay, må = inference, kan = epistemic)
- · Advanced Passive Alternatives (man, en, -s, bli, få, være, sich-lassen-equivalents)
- · Complex Tense Interactions (pluperfect + future-in-past + counterfactual)
- · Advanced Aktionsart (telicity, iterative, semelfactive, ingressive)
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- Present Tense - Regular Verbs (-r ending)
- Present Tense - Class 1 (kaste/kastet) Verbs in Present
- Present Tense - Class 2 (spise/spiste) Verbs in Present
- Present Tense - være (er)
- Present Tense - ha (har)
- Present Tense - gjøre, si, gå, se, få (irregular)
- Present Tense - Modal Verbs (kan, vil, skal, må, bør, får)
- Present Tense for Future Meaning (with time adverb: I morgen drar jeg)
- Imperative - Basic Form (Stem-only: Kom! Spis!)
- Infinitive with å (å spise, å gå)
- være vs ha - Basic Distinction
- det er - Existence / There is/are
- det finnes - Alternative for Existence
- kan vs få (ability vs permission)
- må vs skal (necessity vs intention/future)
- vil vs vil gjerne / skulle ville (want vs would like)
- bør vs burde (should / ought)
- Modal Verbs Take Bare Infinitive (no å)
- Liking with å like / liker godt / liker best
- å være + age (Jeg er 25 år) — not "to have"
- Three Grammatical Genders - Introduction (en/ei/et)
- Common Gender Option (using en for both en/ei)
- Indefinite Article en/ei/et
- Suffixed Definite Article - Singular (-en, -a, -et)
- Plural - Indefinite (-er, -e, zero)
- Plural - Definite (-ene, -a)
- Common Irregular Plurals (mann/menn, bok/bøker, far/fedre, bror/brødre)
- Predicative Adjective Agreement (Bilen er stor / Huset er stort / Bilene er store)
- Attributive Adjective - Indefinite (en stor bil, et stort hus, store biler)
- The Irregular Adjective liten / lita / lite / små / lille
- Possessives - Postposed (bilen min, huset mitt, bøkene mine)
- Demonstratives denne / dette / disse + Definite Form
- Subject Pronouns (jeg, du, han, hun, den, det, vi, dere, de)
- Object Pronouns (meg, deg, ham/han, henne, den, det, oss, dere, dem)
- han vs ham in Modern Bokmål (object form usage)
- den vs det (referring back: en bil → den / et hus → det)
- Possessive Pronouns as Determiners (min, din, hans, hennes, vår, deres, sin) - Introduction
- Interrogative Pronouns hvem / hva / hvilken / hvilket / hvilke
- Pointing det (Det er en katt / Det er fint)
- Indefinite Pronoun man / en (one, you-impersonal)
- Place: i vs på (Basic)
- Movement: til vs fra (to / from)
- Directional inn / ut / opp / ned (vs i / ute / oppe / nede)
- Companionship: med vs uten (with / without)
- Origin: fra vs av
- Time: klokka X, om morgenen / kvelden / natta
- Time: på mandag, i januar, i 2024
- Basic for (purpose, beneficiary, duration: for to dager siden)
- Verb-Second (V2) Word Order in Main Clauses
- Subject-Verb Inversion after Fronted Element (I morgen drar jeg / Nå spiser vi)
- Basic Subject-Verb-Object Order (declarative)
- Yes/No Questions (Verb First)
- hv-Questions (hvem, hva, hvor, hvorfor, hvordan, når, hvilken)
- Questions about Subject (Hvem kommer? - no inversion)
- Coordinating Conjunctions (og, eller, men, for, så)
- Time Sequence (først, så, deretter, etterpå, til slutt)
- Addition Markers (også, i tillegg, dessuten)
- Negation with ikke - Main Clause Position (after finite verb)
- ingen / intet / ingenting (no one / nothing)
- aldri vs ikke lenger / ikke mer (never / no longer / no more)
- heller ikke (neither / not either)
- Tag Questions (..., ikke sant?)
- jo as Answer to a Negative Question (yes-contradiction)
- The Three Extra Letters æ, ø, å
- Double Consonants Mark Short Vowels (mat vs matt, hete vs hette)
- Basic Capitalisation (sentence start, names; days/months are lowercase)
- Basic Punctuation (period, question mark, comma in lists)
- Universal du - Why Norwegians Don't Use De Anymore
- Greetings (Hei, Hallo, God morgen, God dag, Ha det, Vi sees)
- takk-Phrases (takk, tusen takk, ja takk, nei takk, vær så god, vær så snill)
- Silent Letters (det = /de/, hva = /va/, godt = /gott/, hjem = /jem/, de = /di/) - Recognition for Listening
- Cardinal Numbers 1-100 (modern: tjueén, tjuetre)
- Days, Months and Seasons (mandag, januar, vinter)
- Preterite - Class 1 (-et: kastet, snakket, jobbet)
- Preterite - Class 2 (-te: spiste, leste, kjøpte)
- Preterite - Class 3 (-dde: bodde, trodde, betydde)
- Preterite - Class 4 Short Verbs (gå/gikk, stå/sto, se/så, få/fikk)
- Preterite - Common Strong Verbs (drikke/drakk, finne/fant, komme/kom, ta/tok, skrive/skrev)
- Preterite - være (var) and ha (hadde)
- Present Perfect - har + past participle
- Past Participles by Class (-et, -t, -dd, strong patterns)
- Preterite vs Present Perfect - Basic Distinction
- Future with skal vs kommer til å vs Present
- Past Meaning of Modals (kunne, ville, skulle, måtte, burde)
- Modal Verbs in Present Perfect (har måttet, har villet)
- Reflexive Verbs with seg (vaske seg, sette seg, glede seg)
- Reflexive with Movement (legge seg, reise seg)
- Progressive: holder på å + infinitive
- Habitual: pleier å + infinitive
- Basic Meanings of få (receive / be allowed / manage)
- Basic Meanings of bli (become / stay / passive auxiliary preview)
- Negative Imperative (Ikke gjør det! / Gjør det ikke!) - Position of ikke
- Adjective - Definite Attributive (den store bilen)
- Double Definiteness (den store bilen) - Introduction
- Full Adjective Paradigm Review (en stor bil / et stort hus / store biler / den store bilen)
- Comparative (-ere)
- Superlative (-est)
- Irregular Comparison (god/bedre/best, gammel/eldre/eldst, lang/lenger/lengst)
- Comparative in Attributive Position (den større bilen)
- Superlative in Attributive Position (den største bilen / største bilen)
- Adjective Form after Possessive (min store bil)
- Adjectives with No -t in Neuter (glad, lat, kjedelig)
- Reflexive Pronouns - Full Paradigm (meg, deg, seg, oss, dere, seg)
- Reflexive Possessive sin / si / sitt / sine - Introduction
- sin vs hans / hennes (Anna leser boken sin vs Anna leser boken hennes)
- Relative Pronoun som (Subject and Object)
- Preposed vs Postposed Possessives (min bil vs bilen min - register)
- Stressed Demonstratives den / det / de (that one / those)
- Indefinite Pronouns noen / noe (some / any)
- Reciprocal Pronoun hverandre
- Multiple Uses of av (agent, material, of/from, cause)
- for - Time, Beneficiary, Duration, Reason (for to uker siden / for å)
- Multiple Uses of om (about, in/within time, if-question; om to uker = in two weeks)
- hos (at someone's place: hos legen, hos meg)
- ved (next to, at, by means of)
- Motion vs Location Pairs (inn/inne, ut/ute, opp/oppe, ned/nede, hjem/hjemme, hit/her, dit/der)
- Countries & Cities: i Norge vs på Island vs til Norge
- Transport (med bil / med tog / på sykkel / til fots)
- Subordinating at (that)
- Subordinating fordi vs siden (because / since)
- Conditional hvis vs om (if)
- Temporal når vs da (when - habitual vs single past)
- Subordinate Clause Word Order - Introduction (subject before negation/adverb)
- Negation Position in Subordinate Clauses (..., fordi jeg ikke kommer)
- Sentence-Adverb (setningsadverb) Middle-Field Position (jo, nok, vel, bare, faktisk, dessverre, kanskje) - Main vs Subordinate
- Indirect Questions with om / hv-Words
- Topicalisation - Fronting an Object or Adverbial
- Causal Adverbs (derfor, dermed, så) - main clause connectors with inversion
- Concessive Adverbs (likevel, allikevel, dog)
- Common Confusion å vs og (infinitive marker vs "and")
- Compound Spelling Basics (sammenskriving: skrivebord, ikke skrive bord)
- Comma between Clauses (after subordinate clause first; before men)
- Retroflex Assimilation in Eastern Norwegian (rt, rd, rn, rl, rs → /ʈ ɖ ɳ ɭ ʂ/: barn, perle, vers) - Recognition
- Email/Letter Greetings and Closings (Hei / Med vennlig hilsen / Mvh)
- Common False Friends with English (gift = married/poison; rar = strange)
- Ordinal Numbers and Dates (3. mai, den 21. juni)
- Telling Time (klokka er ti over tre, halv fire, kvart på fem)
- Preterite - Full Strong Verb Classes (Ablaut series: i-a-u, e-a-å, etc.)
- Past Perfect (Pluskvamperfektum: hadde + past participle)
- Future Perfect (skal ha + past participle)
- Future-in-the-Past with skulle (han sa han skulle komme)
- Conditional with skulle / ville + Infinitive
- Conditional Perfect (skulle ha gjort / ville ha gjort)
- Preterite vs Present Perfect - Refined (definite past time vs experience/relevance)
- Historical/Narrative Present
- Progressive Alternatives (sitter og leser, står og venter, ligger og sover)
- Subjective/Evidential Modals (skal = it is said / må = must logically / kan = could be)
- Advanced få (få gjort, få til, få med seg)
- bli for Change of State (bli sint, bli gammel, bli ferdig)
- Inherently Reflexive Verbs (skamme seg, angre seg, glede seg, kjede seg)
- Particle Verbs - Basic Pattern (gå ut, ta opp, sette på)
- Particle Stress and Meaning ('gå 'ut literal vs 'gå ut figurative)
- synes vs tro vs mene - Full Distinctions
- kommer til å vs skal (prediction vs intention/plan)
- la (to let / cause) - Basic Causative
- -s Passive in Present (Brevet leses, dørene åpnes)
- bli-Passive in Present (Brevet blir lest)
- bli-Passive in Past (Brevet ble lest / har blitt lest)
- -s vs bli Passive (general/habitual vs specific event)
- være-Passive (state, result: Døra er åpnet)
- Passive Agent with av (Boken ble skrevet av forfatteren)
- Passive with Modal (må gjøres / skal bli gjort)
- Hortative la oss (let us) and pseudo-passive imperative
- Double Definiteness - Full System and Exceptions (proper names, abstract, fixed expressions)
- No Suffix with Possessive/Demonstrative + Adjective + Noun (min store bil, denne store bilen)
- Definiteness with Body Parts, Family, Times of Day (han tok på seg jakka)
- Past Participle as Adjective (en stengt dør, åpne dører)
- Present Participle as Adjective (en sovende katt)
- Relative som with Stranded Preposition (mannen jeg snakket med)
- Relative hvis (whose) and hvilket / hva som (formal)
- sin / si / sitt / sine - Full Disambiguation (only refers to subject of clause)
- Expletive det (Det kommer noen / Det er kaldt / Det blir snakket)
- noen vs ingen, noe vs ingenting in Negation/Question
- Verb + Preposition - Common Combinations (tenke på, snakke om, vente på, glede seg til, bestemme seg for)
- Adjective + Preposition (glad i, redd for, stolt av, opptatt av, interessert i)
- Noun + Preposition (interesse for, grunn til, behov for, mulighet til)
- Stranded Prepositions in Questions (Hva tenker du på? Hvem snakker du med?)
- Stranded Prepositions in Relative Clauses (boken jeg leste om)
- Compound Prepositions (på grunn av, i stedet for, i tillegg til, ved hjelp av)
- Figurative på vs i (på jobb / i jobb, på skolen / i skolen)
- Advanced Temporal Prepositions (under, mellom, gjennom, innen, fra ... til)
- Subordinate Clause Word Order — Full System (subject + adverb + finite verb)
- ikke Placement — Main vs Subordinate, with Pronouns vs Full NPs
- Relative Clauses — Full System (som, omitting som as object, ø-relative)
- Cleft Construction Det er X som...
- Pseudo-Cleft (Det som overrasket meg, var ...)
- Extraposition with det (Det er gøy å lære norsk)
- Reported Speech — Tense Backshift (han sa at han kom / hadde kommet / skulle komme)
- Temporal Subordinators (før, etter at, mens, innen, helt til)
- Purpose: for å vs slik at vs så
- Concessive (selv om, enda, til tross for at)
- Consequence (så ... at, slik at)
- Comparison som vs enn (as / than)
- Særskriving Errors (røde grønnsaker vs rødegrønnsaker) — When to Compound
- Long Compounds — Reading and Building (sjokoladekakeoppskrift)
- Advanced Comma Rules (relative clauses, parenthetical, før men/og)
- Radikal vs Moderat Bokmål (boka/boken, kasta/kastet)
- Spoken vs Written Norwegian (æ for jeg, e for er, dropped pronouns)
- Common Norwegian Collocations (ta en avgjørelse, spille en rolle, gjøre lekser)
- Word Formation: Prefixes and Suffixes (u-, mis-, -het, -else, -dom, -skap)
- Percentages, Fractions, Large Numbers (en halv, en tredjedel, prosent, milliard)
- Strong Verb Ablaut Classes — Systematic Treatment
- Mixed and Irregular Verbs — Comprehensive (gjøre, si, spørre, selge, treffe)
- Perfect vs Preterite — Register and Time-Reference Refinement
- Pluperfect in Narrative Anchoring
- Future Perfect — Practical Use (Innen mandag har jeg gjort det)
- Counterfactual Conditional — Present (Hvis jeg var rik, ville jeg ...)
- Counterfactual Conditional — Past (Hvis jeg hadde visst, ville jeg ha ...)
- Modals in Perfect — Nuance (han må ha gjort det / kunne ha gjort det / burde ha gjort det)
- Advanced Aspect Periphrases (være i ferd med å, holde på med + noun)
- Systematic Treatment of få (modal, causative, achievement, light verb)
- Advanced la (la være, la noe ligge, la oss)
- Systematic Treatment of bli (passive aux, change of state, remain, become)
- kommer til å vs skulle — Subtle Distinctions
- Modal Chains (skulle kunne, måtte få, ville måtte)
- Light Verb Constructions (ta en beslutning, gjøre et forsøk, ha behov for, sette i gang)
- Pseudo-Copular Verbs (virke, se ut, høres ut, smake, kjennes)
- Particle Verbs — Advanced Meaning Shifts (legge ut, slå opp, ta ut, sette opp)
- Position-Placement Verb Pairs (sitte/sette, ligge/legge, henge transitive/intransitive, stå/stille)
- Lexical Aspect / Aktionsart in Norwegian (durative vs telic vs punctual)
- -s Passive across Tenses (formes only in present and infinitive) — Constraints
- bli-Passive across all Tenses — Review
- være vs bli Passive — Aspect Contrast (state vs process)
- -s Passive for General/Habitual (Det selges blomster her)
- få-Passive (recipient passive: Jeg fikk gitt boka tilbake)
- Passive Alternatives with man / en (man sier at...)
- Avoiding Double Passive Errors (har blitt sagt vs har blitt blitt sagt)
- Passive with Particle Verbs (Lyset blir slått av)
- Extended Adjective Phrases (en av de mest interessante bøkene)
- Parallel Adjectives (en stor, gammel bil)
- Complex Subject-Verb Agreement (en gruppe + plural verb? — Norwegian preferences)
- Quantifier Concord (mye vs mange, lite vs få, all/alt/alle)
- sin in Complex Clauses (binding conditions, infinitive complements)
- Relative Choice (som, hvilket, det som, hva som)
- Demonstrative vs Personal Anaphora (han vs den vs denne)
- Indefinite Compound Phrases (et eller annet, en eller annen, noe som helst)
- Constructions with egen / eget / egne (own)
- Advanced Verb + Preposition (henvise til, basere på, bestå av/i, lide av, slekte på)
- Advanced Adjective + Preposition (avhengig av, bevisst på, fortrolig med, vant til)
- Formal Compound Prepositions (med hensyn til, på vegne av, i forhold til, til fordel for)
- Figurative / Abstract Prepositions (under press, over evne, på trass av, ut av kontroll)
- til as Genitive-Like (broren til Anna - colloquial possession)
- -s Genitive (Annas bok, dagens nyhet) — Formal/Idiomatic
- Subtle Preposition Pairs (av/fra, på/i in abstract, til/mot directionality)
- Advanced Topicalisation (object, adverbial, infinitive phrase)
- Long-Distance Extraction (Hvem sa du at hadde kommet?)
- Extraposition — Full System (Det er klart at..., Det er gøy å..., Det skjer ofte at...)
- Cleft and Pseudo-Cleft — Full System
- Inversion after Main-Clause Adverbs (kanskje, derfor, da, nå)
- Inversion after Negative Adverbials (Aldri har jeg sett...)
- Advanced Relative Clauses (resumptive, ø-relative, embedded)
- Reported Speech — Advanced (mood, tense backshift in chains)
- Active ↔ Passive Transformations — Full Practice
- Advanced Contrast Connectors (derimot, imidlertid, mens, derimot vs på den annen side)
- Advanced Consequence Connectors (følgelig, derav, av den grunn, dermed)
- Advanced Condition Connectors (forutsatt at, gitt at, så fremt, med mindre)
- Academic Norwegian (nominalisation, passive, hedging, formal connectors)
- Business Norwegian Register
- Journalistic Register (headlines, telegraphic style, attribution verbs)
- Major Dialect Features Awareness (Western/Eastern/Trøndersk/Northern: pronouns, monophthongs, palatalisation)
- Nynorsk — Recognition and Key Differences from Bokmål
- Radikal vs Moderat Bokmål — When to Use Which
- Pitch Accent (tonem 1 vs tonem 2) — Recognition for Minimal Pairs (bønner = beans/prayers, tanken = the thought/the tank)
- False Friends with German and Swedish (rolig = funny in NO/calm in SV)
- Advanced Collocations
- Common Idioms (det er ugler i mosen, å snakke i munnen på hverandre, midt i blinken)
- Common Proverbs (Bedre føre var enn etter snar, Ingen røyk uten ild)
- Anglicisms — Integration and Inflection (å like vs å lik-e, å streame vs å strømme)
- Advanced Capitalisation (titles, organisations, derived adjectives — norsk vs Norge)
- Subjective/Evidential Modals — Full System (skal = hearsay, må = inference, kan = epistemic)
- Advanced Passive Alternatives (man, en, -s, bli, få, være, sich-lassen-equivalents)
- Complex Tense Interactions (pluperfect + future-in-past + counterfactual)
- Advanced Aktionsart (telicity, iterative, semelfactive, ingressive)
- Overlap of få / la / bli in Causative-Permissive Space
- Idiomatic / Opaque Particle Verbs (slå seg, ta seg sammen, stå på, gå på)
- Heavily Extended Participle Attributes (de av forskerne nylig undersøkte prøvene)
- Information Structure — Theme/Rheme, Given/New, Focus
- Ellipsis and Gapping
- Stylistic Inversion (literary, after fronted predicate)
- Anaphora, Cataphora and Textual Reference
- Evidentiality Markers (angivelig, visstnok, etter sigende, tilsynelatende)
- Precision Reformulation (mer presist, det vil si, med andre ord, sagt på en annen måte)
- Text-Structuring Connectors for Extended Discourse
- Literary Register and Style
- Legal / Administrative Norwegian (kansellistil, bureaucratese)
- Irony, Understatement, Litotes (ikke verst, ganske bra)
- Nynorsk — Reading Comprehension and Key Translation Issues
- Advanced Dialect Features (Bergensk, Trøndersk, Nordnorsk - phonology, morphology, vocabulary)
- Archaic and Old-Fashioned Register (bibelsk, juridisk, arkaisk skjønnlitterær)
- Sociolects and Youth Speech (kebabnorsk, ungdomsspråk, generational shift)
- Relative Pronoun Precision (som vs hvilket vs det som vs hva som)
- Prepositions in Abstract / Figurative Relations
- Subtle Definiteness Choices (institutional, generic, fixed expressions: gå på skolen vs gå på skole)
- Advanced Punctuation (semicolon, colon, dash, quotation marks « » vs straight quotes)
- Word Order Stylistic Choices in Main Clauses (mid-field ordering, adverb stacking)
- Paronyms and Near-Homophones (and/ånd, hjem/hem, fyrste/første)
- Neologisms and Anglicisms — Integration, Inflection, Spelling Choices
- Register-Based Synonym Selection (spise/ete/innta, dø/gå bort/avgå ved døden)
- Creative and Long Compounds (productive compounding, ad-hoc forms)
- Advanced Idioms and Set Phrases (å gå over bekken etter vann, det er som natt og dag)
What the norwegian guide covers
Verb usage (46) · Syntax (43) · Verb tenses (38) · Prepositions (32) · Agreement (27) · Pronouns (27) · Register (19) · Connectors (16) · Orthography (12) · Vocabulary (12) · Passive (8) · Verb advanced (6) · Determiners (5) · Numbers dates time (4) · Phonology prosody (2) · Vocabulary usage (1) · Numbers (1) · Phonology (1)
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