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A164 topics
- · The Turkish Alphabet (29 Letters)
- · The Dotted/Dotless I (i vs ı; İ vs I)
- · Vowel Harmony: Back vs Front (2-Way Introduction)
- · Vowel Harmony: Rounding (i-Type / Small Harmony, Introduction)
A266 topics
- · Witnessed Past Tense -di / -dı / -du / -dü
- · Negative Past -medi / -madı
- · Evidential / Reported Past -miş — Introduction
- · Future Tense -(y)ecek / -(y)acak
B165 topics
- · Full Distinction -di (witnessed) vs -miş (reported/inferred)
- · Hikaye Compound Tense -iyordu (Past Continuous / Imperfect)
- · Rivayet Compound Tense -iyormuş (Reported Continuous)
- · Pluperfect (-mIşti) — Past-Behind-Past
B261 topics
- · Aorist Hikaye/Rivayet Compounds — Full Matrix
- · Future Compound -(y)ecekti vs -(y)ecekmiş
- · Aorist Conditional & Polite Request Use
- · Conditional Perfect — Counterfactual Past in Full
C131 topics
- · Complex Tense + Mood + Voice Combinations
- · Archaic and Literary Verb Forms
- · -mekte + Copula — Formal Progressive Alternative
- · Olur / Oldu / Olabilir — Subtle Discourse Uses
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- The Turkish Alphabet (29 Letters)
- The Dotted/Dotless I (i vs ı; İ vs I)
- Vowel Harmony: Back vs Front (2-Way Introduction)
- Vowel Harmony: Rounding (i-Type / Small Harmony, Introduction)
- Consonant Alternation Basic (p→b, t→d, k→ğ, ç→c)
- The Soft G (ğ) — Silent / Vowel-Lengthening
- Word Stress (Mostly Final-Syllable, with Predictable Exceptions)
- Basic Punctuation (Apostrophe Before Proper-Noun Suffixes)
- Copula Suffixes - Present (-(y)im, -sin, -(dir), -(y)iz, -siniz, -ler)
- Negative Copula değil (Ben öğretmen değilim; Bu doğru değil)
- Present Continuous Tense (-(i)yor + Person Suffix)
- Negative Present Continuous (-mi-yor)
- Aorist (Geniş Zaman) - Affirmative -(i)r / -(a)r / -(e)r
- Aorist Negative -mez / -maz (The Irregular Negation Stem)
- Imperative - 2nd Person Singular (Bare Stem: gel! git! oku!)
- Imperative - 2nd Person Plural / Polite -(y)in / -(y)iniz
- Verbal Negation -me- / -ma- (Position and Harmony)
- Question Particle mi/mı/mu/mü with Copula (Öğretmen misin? Hasta mı?)
- Question Particle with Verbs (Geliyor musun? Çalışır mısın?)
- Var / Yok as Existence Predicates
- "To Have" Construction (Genitive + Possessive Suffix + var/yok)
- Olmak - Basic Uses (To Be, To Become, To Happen)
- Etmek as Light Verb (telefon etmek, yardım etmek, devam etmek)
- Yapmak (To Do, To Make) — General-Purpose Activity Verb
- İstemek + Infinitive (-mek) (gitmek istiyorum)
- Gitmek/Gelmek + Dative for Direction (okula gitmek, eve gelmek)
- Sevmek + Accusative (Türkçeyi seviyorum) — Emotion/Preference Verbs with Definite Object
- No Grammatical Gender (o = he/she/it; one form for all)
- No Articles (bir = optional 'a/one'; definiteness via accusative or context)
- Nominative Case (Yalın Hâl) — Subject and Citation Form
- Accusative Case (Belirtme Hâli) -(y)i / -(y)ı / -(y)u / -(y)ü
- Dative Case (Yönelme Hâli) -(y)e / -(y)a — Direction & Indirect Object
- Locative Case (Bulunma Hâli) -de / -da / -te / -ta — Location
- Ablative Case (Ayrılma Hâli) -den / -dan / -ten / -tan — Origin / Source
- Genitive Case (İlgi Hâli) -(n)in / -(n)ın / -(n)un / -(n)ün — Possessor
- Direct Object: Definite (Accusative -i) vs Indefinite (Bare / Nominative)
- Existential Sentence Structure: Locative + Subject + var/yok
- Personal Pronouns (ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar)
- Pronoun O — Dual Role: 3sg Pronoun + Far Demonstrative
- Personal Pronouns in Other Cases (beni, bana, bende, benden, benim)
- Demonstratives (bu, şu, o) — Three-Way Near/Medial/Far System
- Demonstratives Plural (bunlar, şunlar, onlar) — Used Pronominally Only
- Possessive Pronouns / Genitive Forms (benim, senin, onun, bizim, sizin, onların)
- Possessive Suffixes - Introduction (-(i)m, -(i)n, -(s)i, -(i)miz, -(i)niz, -leri)
- Izafet (Possessive Linking) - Basic (Genitive + Possessive Construction)
- Basic Quantifiers (çok, az, biraz, hep, hiç, her, bütün)
- Bir — Numeral 'One' vs Bare-Indefinite Use
- No Plural Suffix After Numbers (beş kitap, never beş kitaplar)
- Basic Word Order: SOV (Subject - Object - Verb)
- Information Focus in Pre-verbal Position
- Yes/No Questions with mi/mı/mu/mü — Placement Rules
- Wh-Questions (ne, kim, nerede, ne zaman, neden, nasıl, kaç, hangi)
- Negation: Verbal (-me-) vs Nominal (değil)
- Yes/No Answers (evet, hayır) and Verb-Echo Responses
- Basic Coordination (ve, ama, ya da, veya)
- Particle de/da (also, too) — Distinct from Locative -de/-da
- Basic Cause: çünkü (because)
- Sen vs Siz (Informal vs Formal Address)
- Greetings (Merhaba, Selam, İyi günler, Hoşçakal, Görüşürüz)
- Politeness Markers (lütfen, teşekkür ederim, rica ederim, affedersiniz, özür dilerim, buyurun)
- Cognates and Loanwords (otobüs, televizyon, internet, kitap)
- Cardinal Numbers 0-100
- Days, Months, Seasons (Capitalised in Turkish!)
- Telling Time - Basic (Saat kaç? Saat üç. Saat üç buçuk.)
- Witnessed Past Tense -di / -dı / -du / -dü
- Negative Past -medi / -madı
- Evidential / Reported Past -miş — Introduction
- Future Tense -(y)ecek / -(y)acak
- Future Negative & Question (-meyecek; -ecek mi?)
- Conditional Suffix -se / -sa — Basic
- Optative Mood -(y)e / -(y)a — Basic (gidelim, gideyim)
- Imperative - 3rd Person (gelsin, gelsinler)
- Imperative Negative (gelme!, gelmeyin!, gelmesin!)
- Aorist - Full Personal Endings & Stem-Vowel Selection
- Modal -(y)ebil- / -(y)abil- (Ability: 'can / be able to')
- -(y)Ebil- for Permission and Possibility
- Inability/Prohibition -(y)e- + -mez/-mem (Negative -ebil-)
- Necessitive Mood -meli / -malı (should, must)
- Lazım / Gerek + Infinitive (Impersonal Necessity)
- Wish/Order Moods Overview (istek -e, dilek/şart -se, emir, gereklilik -meli) — Contrastive Summary
- Olmak — 'to become / dönüşmek' Advanced Uses
- Aspectual Auxiliaries Introduction (kalmak, durmak, gezmek as aspectual fillers)
- Frequency Adverbs (her zaman, bazen, sık sık, hiçbir zaman, daima, çoğu zaman, ara sıra, nadiren)
- Full 4-Way Vowel Harmony (i-Type / Small Harmony, Complete System)
- Vowel-Harmony Exceptions (Loanwords + Harmony-Breaking Suffixes)
- Consonant Voicing - Full System (p→b, t→d, k→ğ, ç→c)
- Consonant Doubling on Adding Vowel-Initial Suffix (sır → sırrı, hak → hakkı)
- Buffer Consonants y, s, n — Functions and Distribution
- Vowel-Dropping Stems (ağız → ağzı, oğul → oğlu, burun → burnu)
- De/Da vs Te/Ta Allomorphy (Locative & Ablative Voiceless-Consonant Assimilation)
- Possessive Suffixes - Full Paradigm with Vowel Harmony Tables
- Indefinite Izafet (Belirtisiz İsim Tamlaması) — No Genitive, Just -i on Possessum
- Definite Izafet (Belirtili İsim Tamlaması) — Genitive + Possessive Suffix
- Izafet Chains — Multi-Layer Possession (X's Y's Z)
- Qualifying Izafet (Takısız Tamlama) — Material/Quality Without Possessive
- Possessive Suffix + Case Suffix Stacking
- N-Buffer for 3rd-Person Possessive in Case-Marked Forms
- Plural Suffix -ler / -lar
- Adjective Does Not Inflect (Number, Gender, Case)
- Adjective Order in Multiple-Adjective Strings
- Comparative with daha (...-den daha + adj)
- Superlative with en (en + adj)
- Equality with kadar (X kadar Y — 'as much as')
- Intensifiers (çok, pek, oldukça, gayet, fazla, son derece)
- Reflexive Pronoun kendi + Possessive Suffix
- Reciprocal Pronoun birbiri + Possessive Suffix
- Interrogative Forms - Inflected (kim, ne, hangi, kaç + cases)
- Indefinite Pronouns (biri, bir şey, kimse, hiçbir şey, herkes, her şey)
- Negative Pronouns Require Negative Verb (Mandatory Concord)
- Postpositions Governing Nominative — Introduction (ile, için, kadar, gibi)
- Postpositions Governing Dative (göre, kadar, doğru, karşı, dair)
- Postpositions Governing Ablative (önce, sonra, beri, başka, dolayı, itibaren)
- Mi-Particle Placement for Focus
- Advanced Negation (ne...ne de, hiç + neg, asla, kesinlikle değil)
- Conditional Sentences eğer + -se / -se ... -ir (Real / Open Conditional)
- Non-Finite Subordination Intro: -mek as Verbal Noun
- Diye as Direct-Speech Quoter — Introduction
- Ki-Particle - Basic (Persian-Origin Connector)
- Exclamative Sentences (Ne güzel! Ne kadar büyük! Aman ne tatlı!)
- Consequence Connectors (bu yüzden, bu nedenle, onun için, böylece)
- Contrast Connectors (ama, fakat, ancak, lakin, oysa)
- Addition: hem...hem de, ayrıca, üstelik, bir de, dahası
- Alternation: ya da, veya, ya...ya da, ister...ister
- Cardinal Numbers 100+
- Ordinal Numbers -(i)nci / -(ı)ncı
- Distributive Numerals -(ş)er / -(ş)ar
- Dates — Full Format
- Time Expressions Advanced
- Email Greetings and Closings
- Turkish-English False Friends — Basic
- Full Distinction -di (witnessed) vs -miş (reported/inferred)
- Hikaye Compound Tense -iyordu (Past Continuous / Imperfect)
- Rivayet Compound Tense -iyormuş (Reported Continuous)
- Pluperfect (-mIşti) — Past-Behind-Past
- Compound Conditional (-sEydI) — Irreal/Counterfactual Past
- Aorist Past (-rdI) — Habitual Past, 'Used To'
- Aorist Evidential (-rmIş) — Reported/Inferred Habit
- Optative — Full Paradigm with -(y)e / -(y)a
- Imperative — Advanced (Politeness Levels & Indirect Commands)
- Olmak in Compound Uses — Narrative & Aspectual Functions
- Var/Yok in Compound Tenses
- Passive Voice -(I)l- / -(I)n-
- Impersonal Passive of Intransitives
- Causative Voice -dIr- / -t-
- Causative Chain (Stacked Causatives)
- Reflexive Voice -(I)n-
- Reciprocal Voice -(I)ş-
- Combining Voice Suffixes
- Voice Suffixes as Valence Operations
- Verbal Noun -mek / -mak (Infinitive)
- Verbal Noun -me / -ma + Possessive Suffix
- Verbal Noun -(y)iş / -(y)ış
- Subject Participle -(y)en / -(y)an
- Object Participle -dik / -dık + Possessive
- Future Participle -(y)ecek / -(y)acak + Possessive
- Negative Aorist Participle -mez / -maz
- -me + Possessive + Cases
- Complement Clauses: -dIğini Biliyorum
- Complement Clauses: -(y)eceğini Biliyorum
- -mek + Postpositions
- The Relational -ki Suffix
- -miş as Reportative — Hearsay Source
- -miş as Inferential — Inferred from Evidence
- -miş as Mirative / Surprise
- -miş in Folk Narrative / Fairy Tales
- -miş with 1st Person — Realization After the Fact
- Pragmatic Choice: -di vs -miş in Narrative
- İle — Full Range (Comitative, Instrumental, Conjunction)
- İçin — Purpose, Beneficiary, Reason
- Gibi (like) and Kadar (as much as / until)
- Göre, Karşı, Doğru + Dative
- Önce, Sonra, Beri, Başka, Dolayı + Ablative
- Yerine, Hakkında, Sayesinde, Uğruna + Genitive
- Postposition + Pronoun: Case Choices Summary
- Choosing Between -en and -dik Participles — Decision Procedure
- Conditional -se — Advanced
- Converb -(y)ince — 'When, As Soon As'
- Converb -dikçe / -dıkça — 'As / Whenever / As Long As'
- -dikten sonra — 'After Doing'
- Converb -meden / -madan — 'Without Doing'
- Converb -(y)arak / -(y)erek — 'By Doing / While Doing'
- Converb -(y)ip / -(y)ıp — 'And Then / Having Done'
- Converb -(y)ken — 'While / As / When'
- Causal Connectors: yüzünden, dolayı, ötürü, sebebiyle
- Concession: -e rağmen, -e karşın, -dik halde, yine de
- Purpose: diye, -mek üzere, -mek için
- Spoken Turkish (Konuşma Dili) — Introduction
- Business Email & Letter Conventions
- Hedging and Softening Devices
- Common Turkish Collocations
- Derivation: -ci/-cı, -lik/-lık, -li/-lı, -siz/-sız
- Compound Words — Basic (Indefinite Izafet)
- Common Turkish Idioms — Intermediate
- Reduplication for Intensification
- Percentages, Fractions, Large Numbers
- Aorist Hikaye/Rivayet Compounds — Full Matrix
- Future Compound -(y)ecekti vs -(y)ecekmiş
- Aorist Conditional & Polite Request Use
- Conditional Perfect — Counterfactual Past in Full
- Modal Stacking: -EbIlmEk + -mEli
- Aspectual Periphrases: -E durmak, -I vermek, -E yazmak, -E kalmak
- -(y)ecek olmak / -(y)ecek idi — Anticipation Constructions
- Optative in Indirect Commands
- Tense Sequence in Narrative
- Double Causative — Advanced (Degree of Mediation)
- Choosing Active vs Passive — Register
- Passive + Agent: tarafından / -den
- Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart) in Turkish
- Perception Verbs + Participial Complements
- Semi-Modals: zorunda kalmak, mecbur olmak, ihtiyacı olmak, çaresi olmamak
- Psychological Predicates via Body-Part Possessor
- Dative-Experiencer Psych Predicates
- Olma / Olmama Nominalizations as Predicates
- Olur / Oldu / Olur mu? — Discourse Uses
- -dIk Participle + Cases (Causal/Temporal/Locative)
- -(y)EcEk Participle + Cases
- Headless Participles
- Participle in Izafet with Explicit Possessor
- Clausal Subjects & Objects
- Causal Subordination via -dik + Postposition/Case
- Subtle Purpose Choice — Subject-Coreferent vs Different-Subject
- Temporal Subordination Choices — -dIğInDA vs -dIkçE vs -InCE vs -kEn vs -dIktEn sonra
- Extended Pre-modifying Participle Strings
- Indirect Speech with -dIK / -EcEK + Speech Verb
- -(y)e -(y)e Reduplicated Converb — Repeatedly / Continuously
- -meksizin / -maksızın — Formal 'Without Doing'
- Subtle Temporal Converb Choice — Aspect & Definiteness
- Converb -(y)alı / -(y)eli — 'Since (a Moment)'
- Converb -cesine / -casına — 'As If, In the Manner Of'
- -ip Chain Use in Narrative
- Conditional -sE + de — Concessive 'Even If'
- Advanced Pre-verbal Focus — Information Structure
- Pragmatic Word-Order Permutations
- Existential Sentences Advanced
- Advanced Quantification (her biri, hepsi, hiçbiri, tümü)
- Negation with Correlatives — Ne...ne de + AFFIRMATIVE Verb
- Choosing Passive vs Active by Register
- Cleft-Like Focus with -en olan / Pseudo-cleft
- Ki-Clauses for Result (öyle...ki, o kadar...ki)
- Indirect Questions with -dik / -ecek + Possessive
- Advanced Concession: her ne kadar, ne var ki, ne de olsa, oysaki
- Advanced Conditional Connectors
- Reformulation Connectors (yani, demek ki, kısacası)
- Spoken Turkish Pronouns & Compaction
- Spoken -iyor Forms: r-drop and Variation
- Spoken Da/De Clitics and Diye Quoting Tags
- Business Turkish Register
- Academic Turkish Features
- Journalistic Turkish
- Regional Awareness — Recognition Only
- Ottoman-Persian-Arabic vs Pure-Turkish Doublets
- Compound Word Formation — Advanced
- Derivational Suffixes — Productive Advanced
- Advanced False Friends
- Common Idioms — Advanced
- Advanced Punctuation
- Complex Tense + Mood + Voice Combinations
- Archaic and Literary Verb Forms
- -mekte + Copula — Formal Progressive Alternative
- Olur / Oldu / Olabilir — Subtle Discourse Uses
- Copula Evidential -(y)mış
- Advanced Modal Periphrases
- Choice Between -dik (object) and -en (subject) — Edge Cases
- Choice Between -mek, -me + poss, -dik + poss
- Resolving Ambiguous Subjects in Complex Subordination
- Extended Pre-modifying Participle Chains
- Advanced Clause Nominalization — Register, Factivity, Modality, Aspect
- Left Dislocation — Topic Frame
- Right Dislocation — Afterthought
- Pro-Drop and Recoverability
- Advanced Focus and Cleft Constructions
- -dir / -dır — Assertion, Inference, Generalization
- Evidentiality Markers — Advanced
- Text-Structuring Connectors for Extended Discourse
- Precision Reformulation Connectors
- Literary Style
- Advanced Journalistic Style
- Legal / Administrative Turkish
- Irony, Understatement, Sarcasm
- Turkish Proverbs (Atasözleri)
- Register-Based Synonym Selection
- Anglicisms and Neologisms — Integration
- Nominal Derivation Advanced
- Verbal Derivation Advanced
- Loanword Integration into Turkish System
- Reduplicative Compounds — Synonymic, Rhyming, Intensive
- Near-Homophones and Paronyms — Circumflex Resolution
What the turkish guide covers
Syntax (45) · Verb usage (43) · Verb tenses (36) · Subordination (28) · Orthography (18) · Register (18) · Vocabulary usage (18) · Determiners (15) · Connectors (15) · Cases (10) · Adpositions (10) · Numbers dates time (9) · Pronouns (8) · Agreement (7) · Evidentiality (7)
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