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A176 topics
- · Three Grammatical Genders (m./f./n.)
- · Subject–Verb Agreement (Person & Number)
- · Plural Formation — Basic Nominative Endings
- · Adjective Agreement with the Noun (Basic)
A270 topics
- · Masculine Animacy - Animate vs Inanimate
- · Adjective Agreement - Singular Cases
- · Adjective Agreement - Nominative Plural
- · Comparative & Superlative of Adjectives
B158 topics
- · Comparison with než and o + Accusative
- · Full Adjective Declension (hard & soft, all cases)
- · Comparative & Superlative of Adjectives & Adverbs
- · Agreement of the Passive Participle
B261 topics
- · Subtle Past Aspect Choice — Process vs Result vs General Fact
- · Imperfective for Politeness / Softening
- · Imperfective for Annulled / Reversed Result
- · Aspect after Modal & Phasal Verbs
C131 topics
- · Historic (Narrative) Present and Aspect
- · Frequentative Verbs (dělávat, chodívat, sedávat, říkávat)
- · Aspect in Discourse: foregrounding vs backgrounding
- · Lexical Aspect Classes: states, activities, achievements
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All 296 czech grammar topics
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- Three Grammatical Genders (m./f./n.)
- Subject–Verb Agreement (Person & Number)
- Plural Formation — Basic Nominative Endings
- Adjective Agreement with the Noun (Basic)
- Demonstratives ten / ta / to (Article-like) + Agreement
- Possessives jeho / její / jejich
- Possessives můj / tvůj / náš / váš — Basic Agreement
- Nominative (1st Case) — Subject and Naming
- The Seven Cases & Paradigm Classes — Overview
- Accusative (4th Case) — Direct Object (Basic)
- Accusative — Animate Masculine = Genitive
- Genitive (2nd Case) — Possession & 'of' (Basic)
- Dative (3rd Case) — Indirect Object (Basic)
- Locative (6th Case) — Location with v/na (Basic)
- Instrumental (7th Case) — Means & 'with' (Basic)
- Vocative (5th Case) — Direct Address (Introduction)
- The Czech Alphabet & Diacritics
- Basic Capitalization
- Phonemic Vowel Length (á é í ó ú ů ý)
- Háček Consonants (č š ž ř ě ň ď ť)
- The Digraph ch
- Word Stress on the First Syllable
- ů vs ú — When to Write the Ring
- The Czech ř Sound
- i / y — Hard vs Soft (Introduction)
- The Vowel ě and di/ti/ni Softening
- Syllabic r and l (prst, vlk, krk)
- o + Locative (about, regarding)
- v / na + Locative (location: in / on / at)
- na / v + Accusative (direction: onto / into)
- do / z + Genitive (into / out of, to / from)
- od / u + Genitive (from someone / at someone's)
- s / se + Instrumental (with — accompaniment)
- pro + Accusative / bez + Genitive (for / without)
- Subject Pronouns — Nominative
- Dropping Subject Pronouns (Pro-Drop)
- Interrogatives kdo / co + Declension
- Personal Pronouns — Accusative (Basic)
- Personal Pronouns — Dative (Basic)
- Reflexive Pronoun se / si (No Nominative)
- Greetings & Farewells (dobrý den, ahoj, na shledanou)
- Basic Politeness (prosím, děkuji, promiňte)
- Tykání vs Vykání — Pragmatic Basics
- Recognising International Cognates
- Cardinal Numbers 1–20
- Days, Months and Seasons
- Tens, Hundreds and Counting Above 20
- Numbers + Noun — Case Pattern (Introduction)
- Telling Time — Basic (Kolik je hodin?)
- Basic Word Order (flexible SVO)
- Basic Negation with ne- on the Verb
- Yes/No Questions by Intonation & Inversion
- Question Words (kdo, co, kde, kam, kdy, jak, proč)
- Double Negation (Obligatory in Czech)
- Basic Coordination: a, i, ale, nebo
- Basic Subordination: že, protože, když
- Present Tense — být (to be), Copula Kept
- Present Tense — mít (to have)
- Present Tense — Conjugation -á- (dělat)
- Present Tense — Conjugation -uje- (pracovat)
- Present Tense — Conjugation -í- (mluvit, prosit)
- Past Tense — 3rd Person Drops the Auxiliary
- Present Tense — Conjugation -e- (psát, nést)
- vědět vs znát (two verbs for 'to know')
- Present Tense — jít / jet (to go on foot / by vehicle)
- Past Tense — l-Participle + být Auxiliary
- Past Tense — Gender & Number Agreement
- být — Uses (identity, state, location)
- to je / to jsou — Demonstrative Existential
- mít — Possession, Age & Obligation
- chtít (to want) — Forms + Infinitive / Accusative
- muset (must) — Forms + Infinitive
- moci (can) — Forms + Infinitive
- jmenovat se — Introducing & Naming Oneself
- Verbs of Preference (mít rád, líbit se)
- Reflexive Verbs with se / si (Basic)
- Masculine Animacy - Animate vs Inanimate
- Adjective Agreement - Singular Cases
- Adjective Agreement - Nominative Plural
- Comparative & Superlative of Adjectives
- Comparison of Adverbs
- Quantifiers každý / všichni / všechen
- Aspect Introduction - Imperfective vs Perfective
- Recognising Aspectual Pairs
- Aspect Meaning - Completion vs Process
- Imperfective for Repetition and Habit
- Past Aspect Choice - Basic
- Jít vs Jet - On Foot vs by Vehicle
- Jít vs Chodit - Going on Foot
- Jet vs Jezdit - Going by Vehicle
- Motion Verbs in the Past - Basic Choice
- Genitive Singular - Endings & Possession
- Dative Singular - Noun Endings
- Instrumental Singular - Noun Endings
- Instrumental of Means and Path
- Accusative Singular - Consolidated Endings
- Genitive after Quantity Words
- Genitive Plural - Basic Endings
- Dative as Indirect Object & after Verbs
- Instrumental as Predicate after stát se / být
- Locative Singular - Full Endings & Topic
- Vocative Singular - Full Endings
- Consonant Alternations in Inflection
- ě and dě / tě / ně Softening
- mě vs mně
- Polite Requests and Softening
- Ordinal Numbers - Basic
- Telling Time - Basic
- Dates - Day and Month
- Preposition k(e) + Dative (towards / to someone)
- More Genitive Prepositions (od, u, do, z, bez, kromě)
- Static Location - nad / pod / před / za / mezi + Instrumental
- Direction vs Location - na/v + Accusative vs Locative
- Prepositions in Time Expressions (v, o, za, před, po)
- Second-Position Clitics - Introduction
- Placement of Reflexive se / si
- Placement of the Auxiliary jsem / jsi
- Order of jsem + se in the Cluster
- Personal Pronouns - Full Oblique Paradigm
- Declension of Possessives (můj, tvůj, náš, váš)
- Reflexive Possessive svůj - Basic
- Relative Pronoun který - Basic
- Declension of Demonstratives (ten, ta, to, ti, ty)
- Indefinite & Negative Pronoun Series (ně- / ni-)
- Spatial Triplet kde / kam / odkud
- Word Order in Subordinate Clauses
- Contrast Connectors (ale, však, ovšem, zato)
- Cause Connector protože / kvůli
- Subordinator že (that-clauses)
- Time Sequence (nejdřív, potom, nakonec)
- Purpose Connector aby
- When/If Clauses with když / až
- Real Conditional with jestli / pokud
- Future Imperfective - budu + Infinitive
- Past Tense - Plural Participle Endings (-li / -ly / -la)
- Future via Perfective Present
- Future of Motion Verbs (půjdu, pojedu)
- Imperative Mood - Formation
- Present Conditional - bych / bys / by
- Imperative - Aspect Choice
- Být & Mít in Past and Future
- Modal Verbs Consolidated (chtít, moci, muset, smět)
- Impersonal Modals - je třeba, dá se, lze
- Reflexive se / si - Meaning Change
- Dative Experiencer - líbí se mi
- Impersonal States - je mi zima
- Comparison with než and o + Accusative
- Full Adjective Declension (hard & soft, all cases)
- Comparative & Superlative of Adjectives & Adverbs
- Agreement of the Passive Participle
- Numerals & Case Government (2–4 + nom.pl, 5+ + gen.pl)
- Instrumental of Means and Instrument
- Locative after Verbs with o
- Genitive after Specific Verbs
- Dative after Specific Verbs
- Instrumental after Specific Verbs
- Masculine Animacy in Declension (nom.pl -i/-ové, acc.sg = gen)
- Animacy in Adjective & Pronoun Agreement (nom.pl -í/-é vs -é)
- Genitive Plural — Full Endings & Fleeting Vowels
- Plural Oblique Cases — All Endings (Dat -ům, Loc -ech/-ích, Inst -y/-mi)
- Second-Position (Wackernagel) Law
- Auxiliary jsem/jsi First in the Cluster
- Conditional bych/bys First in the Cluster
- Short Clitic vs Long Stressed Pronoun Forms (mi/mně, ho/jeho)
- Reflexive se/si Precedes Dative & Accusative
- Dative Pronoun before Accusative Pronoun (mu ho)
- What Counts as the First Position (host of the cluster)
- Clitic Cluster Order (aux/cond › se/si › dat › acc › gen)
- Full Clitic Cluster Combined (jsem se mu)
- Cause Connectors (protože, jelikož, kvůli, vzhledem k)
- Consequence Connectors (proto, takže, a tak, tudíž)
- Concession Connectors (i když, ačkoli, přestože)
- Spelling of ne- (joined verb/adjective vs separate)
- Commas in Complex Sentences (před že, který, aby, když)
- Ordinal Numbers — Formation, Agreement, Dates
- Dates — Day / Month / Year
- Collective & Generic Numerals (dvoje, troje, oboje)
- při- + Motion (Arrival: přijít, přijet)
- od(e)- + Motion (Departure: odejít, odjet)
- pře- + Motion (Crossing: přejít, přejet)
- do- + Motion (Reaching the Goal: dojít, dojet)
- Prefixed Motion Verbs — Overview (při-, od-, vy-, vejít, pře-)
- vy- and v(e)- + Motion (Exit / Entry: vyjít, vejít)
- Aspect of Prefixed Motion Verbs (přijít pf / přicházet impf)
- Real Conditional with když / jestliže / pokud
- Negative Concord (nikdo nic nikdy + ne-verb)
- Relative Clauses with který (full declension)
- co / což / kdo as Relative Pronouns
- Indirect Questions (zda / jestli / question words)
- Irreal Conditional with kdyby
- Purpose & Wish Clauses with aby (same vs different subject)
- Passive with být + Past Passive Participle
- Reflexive (se-)Passive
- Aspect Pairs by Prefixation (psát → napsat)
- Aspect after Phase Verbs (začít/přestat + imperfective)
- Suppletive & Irregular Aspect Pairs (brát/vzít, klást/položit)
- Single-Aspect & Biaspectual Verbs
- Aspect Choice in the Past (completion vs process vs habit)
- Aspect Choice under Negation
- Aspect Choice in the Imperative (positive pf vs negative impf)
- The -ovat Verbalizer (telefonovat, kontrolovat)
- Noun Diminutives (-ek, -ík, -ka, -ko, -ečka)
- Verb Prefixes Change Meaning (na-, vy-, za-, pře-, roz-)
- Adjective Derivation -ský / -ní / -ový
- Subtle Past Aspect Choice — Process vs Result vs General Fact
- Imperfective for Politeness / Softening
- Imperfective for Annulled / Reversed Result
- Aspect after Modal & Phasal Verbs
- Aspect under Negation — Meaning Shift
- Secondary Imperfectivization (-ovat / -ávat from prefixed perfectives)
- Agreement with Complex & Coordinated Subjects
- Predicate Agreement after Quantified Subjects
- Partitive Genitive & Genitive of Quantity (advanced)
- Genitive of Negation — Optional / Archaic in Czech
- Instrumental — Advanced Range (manner, time-span, predicate)
- Stative Passive být + Past Passive Participle
- Transgressive (Present & Past) — Literary Forms
- Ethical / Possessive Dative Clitic in the Cluster
- Clitics with the Conditional Auxiliary (bych/bys…)
- Full Clitic Cluster — Strict Internal Order
- Clitic Placement across Clause Boundaries
- Advanced Coordinators: avšak, nýbrž, totiž, tedy, neboť
- Discourse Markers & Linking Adverbs
- Cause & Consequence Connectors (advanced)
- Advanced Capitalization (proper names, titles, geography)
- Punctuation of Direct Speech & Dashes
- Commas in Complex & Subordinate Clauses
- Emphatic Pronoun sám / samotný
- Advanced Indefinite Pronouns (-koli, leda-, ně-, kde-)
- Reflexive Possessive svůj — Advanced Use
- Advanced Temporal Prepositions
- Advanced Genitive-Governing Prepositions
- Prepositions with Two Cases — Meaning Contrast
- Motion vs Location Prepositions (Acc vs Loc/Instr)
- Complex Prepositions: kvůli, díky, vzhledem k, navzdory, přes
- Idiomatic Prepositional Government of Verbs & Adjectives
- Vykání vs Tykání — Politeness System
- Polite Requests & Softening with the Conditional
- Titles & Forms of Address
- Idioms & Fixed Collocations (intro)
- Spisovná vs Obecná Čeština — Introduction
- Confusable Word Pairs & False Friends
- Synonyms by Register (neutral vs colloquial vs bookish)
- Advanced Numeral Agreement & Declension
- Reported Speech — No Tense Backshift in Czech
- Concessive Clauses: ačkoli, přestože, i když, i kdyby
- Result Clauses: tak…že / takový…že
- Word Order — Topic vs Focus (information structure intro)
- Relative Pronoun jenž — Full Declension (formal)
- Purpose Clauses: aby + Conditional (same vs different subject)
- Advanced Temporal Clauses: než, jakmile, zatímco, dokud
- Conditional Sentences: Real (jestli/když) vs Irreal (kdyby)
- Reflexive & Impersonal se-Passive
- Impersonal Predicatives + Dative (state of mind/body)
- Modal Periphrasis mít + Infinitive (supposed to / due to)
- Pseudo-Copulative Verbs + Instrumental
- Dynamic Passive (event) with být + participle
- Passive vs Active — When to Choose Each
- Causative Constructions: nechat / dát + Infinitive
- Verbal Noun (-ní / -tí)
- Agent Nouns (-tel, -č, -ař/-ář, -ník)
- Abstract Nouns -ství / -ctví and -ost
- Deverbal Adjectives — Active (-ící/-oucí) & Passive (-ný/-tý)
- Relational Adjectives -ský / -cký (+ consonant alternation)
- Possessive Adjectives -ův / -in
- Historic (Narrative) Present and Aspect
- Frequentative Verbs (dělávat, chodívat, sedávat, říkávat)
- Aspect in Discourse: foregrounding vs backgrounding
- Lexical Aspect Classes: states, activities, achievements
- Aspect Choice in Modal & Infinitive Constructions
- Aspect under Negation: meaning shifts
- Aspect and Time Adverbials: precise compatibility
- Advanced Clitic Placement: stylistic & embedded variation
- Four Strata of Czech: spisovná / hovorová / knižní / obecná
- Bookish (knižní) Register: elevated lexis and forms
- Common Czech (obecná čeština): the systematic colloquial code
- Emotional Intensifiers and Evaluative Suffixes
- Proverbs and Cultural Quotations (přísloví a citáty)
- Academic/Formal Register: nominalization, passive, hedging
- Bureaucratic & Formal Set Phrases (úřední klišé)
- Anglicisms, Calques and Purist Alternatives
- Parenthetical and Inserted Constructions (vsuvky)
- Transgressive (přechodník) as Literary Recognition
- Functional Sentence Perspective (aktuální větné členění)
- Word Order for Emphasis: fronting and rheme placement
- Stylistic Inversion and Marked Constituent Order
- Ellipsis and Gapping in Coordination
- Complex Noun Phrases: stacked modifiers, embedded clauses
- Information Density: nominalization over clauses
- Archaic Pluperfect (byl jsem udělal) in Literary Use
- Elevated & Archaic Imperatives (nechť, kéž, budiž)
- Nuanced Modality: epistemic vs deontic, mít/měl by
- Idioms and Fixed Phrasemes: precise meaning & form
- Collocation Precision: typical word partnerships
- Paronyms and Easily Confused Words
- Verbal Prefix Semantics: fine meaning shades
What the czech guide covers
Cases (33) · Syntax (30) · Aspect (25) · Verb usage (24) · Verb tenses (23) · Orthography (19) · Prepositions (18) · Clitics (18) · Register (17) · Agreement (15) · Pronouns (15) · Connectors (15) · Numbers dates time (12) · Motion verbs (11) · Word formation (10) · Vocabulary usage (7) · Determiners (4)
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