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A176 topics
- · Three Grammatical Genders (m./f./n.)
- · Subject–Verb Agreement (Person & Number)
- · Plural Formation — Basic Nominative Endings
- · Adjective Agreement with the Noun (Basic)
A266 topics
- · Masculine Animacy — Animate vs Inanimate
- · Superlative of Adjectives (naj-)
- · Comparison of Adverbs
- · Masculine Nominative Plural — -i / -ovia vs -y
B160 topics
- · Agreement of the Passive Participle
- · Comparison with ako/než and o + Accusative
- · Full Adjective Declension (hard pekný & soft cudzí)
- · Comparative & Superlative of Adjectives & Adverbs (full)
B263 topics
- · Subtle Past Aspect — Process vs Result vs General Fact
- · Imperfective for Politeness and Softening
- · Imperfective for an Annulled or Reversed Result
- · Aspect after Phase and Modal Verbs
C130 topics
- · Advanced Clitic Placement: Stylistic & Embedded Variation
- · Parenthetical and Inserted Constructions
- · Word Order for Emphasis: Fronting and Rheme Placement
- · Ellipsis and Gapping in Coordination
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All 295 slovak grammar topics
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- Three Grammatical Genders (m./f./n.)
- Subject–Verb Agreement (Person & Number)
- Plural Formation — Basic Nominative Endings
- Adjective Agreement with the Noun (Basic)
- Demonstratives ten / tá / to (Article-like)
- Possessives môj / tvoj — Basic Agreement
- Possessives jeho / jej / ich (Invariable)
- Nominative (1st Case) — Subject and Naming
- The Cases & Paradigm Classes — Overview
- Accusative (4th Case) — Direct Object (Basic)
- Genitive (2nd Case) — Possession & 'of' (Basic)
- Dative (3rd Case) — Indirect Object (Basic)
- Locative (6th Case) — Location with v/na (Basic)
- Instrumental (7th Case) — Means & 'with' (Basic)
- Direct Address — Use the Nominative
- Accusative — Animate Masculine = Genitive
- Fossilised Vocative Relics (bože, otče)
- The Slovak Alphabet & Diacritics
- Phonemic Vowel Length (á é í ó ú ý)
- The Digraph ch
- Basic Capitalization
- Word Stress on the First Syllable
- Sentence Punctuation: . ? !
- The Vowel ä (Wide e)
- Diphthongs ia / ie / iu
- Háčik Consonants č š ž dž ň ď ť ľ
- The Digraphs dz and dž
- Syllabic r and l (krk, vlk, prst)
- Hard, Soft and Neutral Consonants
- Voicing Assimilation — Introduction
- The Rhythmic Law — Introduction
- v / na + Locative (location: in / on / at)
- na / v + Accusative (direction: onto / into)
- do / z + Genitive (into / out of, to / from)
- s / so + Instrumental (with — accompaniment)
- o + Locative (about, regarding)
- pre + Accusative / bez + Genitive (for / without)
- Vocalised Prepositions (vo, zo, so, ku, bezo)
- Subject Pronouns — Nominative
- Interrogatives kto / čo
- Dropping Subject Pronouns (Pro-Drop)
- Personal Pronouns — Accusative (Basic)
- Personal Pronouns — Dative (Basic)
- Reflexive Pronoun sa / si (No Nominative)
- Basic Negation with ne- on the Verb
- Answering Yes / No (áno, nie, hej)
- Basic Word Order (flexible SVO)
- Yes/No Questions by Intonation & Inversion
- Question Words (kto, čo, kde, kam, kedy, ako, prečo)
- Double Negation (Obligatory)
- Basic Coordination: a, i, ale, alebo
- Basic Subordination: že, pretože, keď
- Present Tense — byť (to be), Copula Kept
- Present Tense — mať (to have)
- Present Tense — -á- Class (robiť, volať)
- Present Tense — -uje- Class (pracovať)
- Present Tense — -í- Class (hovoriť, prosiť)
- Present Tense — -e- Class (písať, niesť)
- Present Tense — -ie- Class (rozumieť, vedieť)
- Present Tense — ísť (to go on foot)
- Past Tense — l-Participle + Auxiliary som/si
- Past Tense — 3rd Person Has No Auxiliary
- byť — Uses (identity, state, location)
- to je / to sú — Demonstrative Existential
- volať sa — Introducing & Naming Oneself
- mať — Possession, Age & Obligation
- chcieť (to want) — Forms + Infinitive / Accusative
- musieť (must) — Forms + Infinitive
- môcť (can) — Forms + Infinitive
- Verbs of Preference (mať rád, páčiť sa)
- Reflexive Verbs with sa / si (Basic)
- Recognising International Cognates
- Cardinal Numbers 1–20
- Days, Months and Seasons
- Telling Time — Basic (Koľko je hodín?)
- Numbers + Noun — Case Pattern (Introduction)
- Masculine Animacy — Animate vs Inanimate
- Superlative of Adjectives (naj-)
- Comparison of Adverbs
- Masculine Nominative Plural — -i / -ovia vs -y
- Adjective Agreement Across Singular Cases
- Adjective Nominative Plural & Animacy (-i vs -e)
- Comparative of Adjectives (-ší / -ejší)
- Irregular Comparison (dobrý/lepší, zlý/horší)
- Quantifiers každý / všetci / všetok
- Genitive Singular — Endings & Possession
- Dative Singular — Noun Endings
- Accusative Singular — Consolidated Endings
- Locative Singular — Full Endings
- Instrumental Singular — Endings, Means & Path
- Instrumental as Predicate after byť / stať sa
- Genitive after Quantity Words
- Declension Paradigm Classes — Overview
- Genitive Plural — Endings & Inserted Vowel
- ísť vs chodiť — One Trip vs Habitual Going
- Motion Verbs in the Past — Basic Choice
- Rhythmic Law — Exceptions
- Consonant Alternations in Inflection (k/c, h/z, ch/s)
- Spodobovanie — Voicing Assimilation
- Vybrané slová — i/y in Roots (Introduction)
- Rhythmic Law in Adjective, Comparison & Verb Endings
- Ordinal Numbers — Basic
- Dates — Day and Month
- Telling Time — Extended
- Numerals + Noun — Case Pattern (dva/tri/štyri vs päť+)
- Preposition k / ku + Dative
- More Genitive Prepositions (od, u, do, z, bez, okrem)
- Static Location — nad / pod / pred / za / medzi + Instrumental
- Direction vs Location — na/v + Accusative vs Locative
- Prepositions in Time Expressions (v, o, za, pred, po)
- Placement of Reflexive sa / si
- Placement of the Past Auxiliary som / si
- Second-Position Clitics — Introduction
- Personal Pronouns — Full Oblique Paradigm
- Declension of Possessives (môj, tvoj, náš, váš)
- Reflexive Possessive svoj — Basic
- Relative Pronoun ktorý — Basic
- Declension of Demonstratives (ten, tá, to, tí, tie)
- Indefinite & Negative Pronoun Series (nie- / ni-)
- Spatial Triplet kde / kam / odkiaľ
- Word Order in Subordinate Clauses
- Contrast Connectors (ale, no, však, zato)
- Cause Connector pretože / lebo
- Subordinator že (that-clauses)
- Time Sequence (najprv, potom, nakoniec)
- Purpose Connector aby
- Time & Real Condition with keď / ak / až
- Past Tense — Plural l-Participle (-li)
- Imperfective Future — budem + Infinitive
- Future via the Perfective Present
- Future of Motion Verbs (pôjdem, pôjdeme)
- Imperative Mood — Formation
- Imperative — Aspect Choice
- Present Conditional — by som / by si / by
- byť & mať in Past and Future
- Impersonal States — je mi zima
- Modal Verbs Consolidated (chcieť, môcť, musieť, smieť)
- Reflexive sa / si — Meaning Change
- Impersonal Modals — treba, dá sa
- Aspect — Imperfective vs Perfective (Introduction)
- Recognising Aspectual Pairs
- Choosing Aspect in the Past (Basic)
- Agreement of the Passive Participle
- Comparison with ako/než and o + Accusative
- Full Adjective Declension (hard pekný & soft cudzí)
- Comparative & Superlative of Adjectives & Adverbs (full)
- Aspect Pairs by Prefixation (písať → napísať)
- Aspect after Phase Verbs (začať/prestať + nedok.)
- Single-Aspect & Biaspectual Verbs
- Secondary Imperfectivization (-ovať/-ávať/-úvať)
- Suppletive & Irregular Aspect Pairs (brať/vziať, klásť/položiť)
- Aspect Choice in the Past (completion vs process vs habit)
- Aspect Choice under Negation
- Aspect of Prefixed Motion Verbs (prísť pf / prichádzať impf)
- Instrumental of Means & Instrument
- Locative after Verbs with o (rozprávať o)
- Genitive after Specific Verbs (báť sa, zúčastniť sa)
- Genitive Plural — Full Endings (-ov / -í / zero)
- Genitive Plural & the Rhythmic Law (-í vs -i)
- Instrumental & Soft-Stem o↔e Alternation
- Masculine Animacy in Declension (nom.pl -i/-ovia, acc.sg=gen)
- Animacy in Adjective & Pronoun Agreement (nom.pl)
- Plural Oblique Cases — All Endings (Dat -om, Loc -och, Inst -mi/-ami)
- Soft Feminine Paradigms dlaň & kosť
- Neuter Paradigms (mesto / srdce / vysvedčenie / dievča)
- Zero Third-Person Past Auxiliary (robil, not *je robil)
- Second-Position (Wackernagel) Law
- Auxiliary som/si & Conditional by First in the Cluster
- Reflexive sa/si Precedes Dative & Accusative
- Dative Pronoun before Accusative Pronoun (mu ho)
- Short Clitic vs Long Stressed Pronoun Forms (mi/mne, ho/jeho)
- What Counts as the First Position (host of the cluster)
- Clitics & Clause-Internal Connectors (a, ale, však)
- Clitic Cluster Order (aux/by › sa/si › dat › acc)
- Full Clitic Cluster Combined (som sa mu)
- Cause Connectors (pretože, keďže, vďaka, vzhľadom na)
- Consequence Connectors (preto, takže, a tak)
- Concession Connectors (hoci, aj keď, napriek tomu)
- Spelling of ne- (joined verb/adjective vs separate)
- Commas in Complex Sentences (pred že, ktorý, aby, keď)
- Voicing Assimilation (spodobovanie) in Spelling
- Ordinal Numbers — Formation & Agreement
- Dates — Day / Month / Year (full)
- Collective & Generic Numerals (dvoje, troje, dvojo)
- pri- + Motion (Arrival: prísť, pricestovať)
- od- + Motion (Departure: odísť, odcestovať)
- pre- + Motion (Crossing: prejsť, prejazd)
- do- + Motion (Reaching the Goal: dôjsť, doletieť)
- vy- and v- + Motion (Exit / Entry: vyjsť, vojsť)
- Prefixed Motion Verbs — Overview
- čo / kto as Relative Pronouns
- Indirect Questions (či + question words)
- Real Conditional with ak / keď
- Relative Clauses with ktorý (full declension)
- Reported Speech — No Tense Backshift
- Purpose & Wish Clauses with aby (same vs diff. subject)
- Irreal Conditional with keby
- Reflexive sa-Passive
- Passive with byť + Past Passive Participle
- The -ovať Verbalizer (telefonovať, kontrolovať)
- Noun Diminutives (-ík, -ka, -ko, -ček, -ička)
- Verb Prefixes Change Meaning (na-, vy-, za-, pre-, roz-)
- Subtle Past Aspect — Process vs Result vs General Fact
- Imperfective for Politeness and Softening
- Imperfective for an Annulled or Reversed Result
- Aspect after Phase and Modal Verbs
- Aspect under Negation — Meaning Shift
- Agreement with Complex and Coordinated Subjects
- Predicate Agreement after Quantified Subjects
- Partitive Genitive and Genitive of Quantity (Advanced)
- Instrumental — Advanced Range (manner, time-span, agent)
- Locative after Verbs and Abstract Topics
- Genitive of Negation — Optional and Receding
- Free Dative — Ethical, Possessive and Benefactive
- Verbs with Two Object Cases
- Transgressive (prechodník) — Literary Recognition
- Short Clitic vs Long Stressed Pronoun (Choice)
- Full Clitic Cluster — Strict Internal Order
- Clitics with the Conditional by
- Ethical and Possessive Dative inside the Cluster
- Clitic Placement across Clause Boundaries
- Advanced Coordinators (avšak, no, totiž, teda, veď)
- Discourse Markers and Linking Adverbs
- Advanced Cause Connectors
- Advanced Consequence Connectors
- Correlative Connector Pairs
- Commas in Complex and Subordinate Clauses
- Punctuation of Direct Speech and Dashes
- Advanced Capitalization (names, titles, geography)
- Prepositions with Two Cases — Meaning Contrast
- Advanced Genitive-Governing Prepositions
- Complex Secondary Prepositions
- Preposition Vocalisation — Advanced Conditioning
- Idiomatic Prepositional Government of Verbs
- Prepositional Government of Adjectives
- Vykanie vs Tykanie — the Politeness System
- Polite Requests and Softening with the Conditional
- Titles and Forms of Address
- Idioms and Fixed Collocations (Introduction)
- Spisovná Slovenčina vs Subštandard (Introduction)
- Confusable Word Pairs and False Friends
- Synonyms by Register (neutral / colloquial / bookish)
- Advanced Numeral Agreement and Declension
- Concessive Clauses (hoci, aj keď, i keby)
- Result Clauses (tak…že / taký…že)
- Advanced Temporal Clauses
- Purpose Clauses with aby (Same vs Different Subject)
- Relative Pronoun Choice (ktorý / čo / kto / aký)
- Conditional Sentences — Real vs Irreal
- Word Order — Topic vs Focus (Introduction)
- Participial Attributes as Clause Reduction
- Reflexive sa-Passive and Impersonal sa
- Passive vs Active — When to Choose Each
- Impersonal Constructions and Predicatives + Dative
- Pseudo-Copulative Verbs + Instrumental
- Passive — Stative vs Dynamic
- Modal Periphrasis mať + Infinitive
- Causative Constructions (dať / nechať + Infinitive)
- Verbal Noun (-nie / -tie)
- Agent Nouns (-teľ, -č, -ár/-iar, -ník)
- Abstract Nouns -osť and -stvo / -ctvo
- Relational Adjectives (-ský / -cký / -ový / -ný)
- Possessive Adjectives (-ov / -in)
- Diminutives and Augmentatives (Advanced)
- Deverbal Adjectives — Active and Passive Participial
- Advanced Clitic Placement: Stylistic & Embedded Variation
- Parenthetical and Inserted Constructions
- Word Order for Emphasis: Fronting and Rheme Placement
- Ellipsis and Gapping in Coordination
- Functional Sentence Perspective (aktuálne vetné členenie)
- Stylistic Inversion and Marked Constituent Order
- Complex Noun Phrases: Stacked Modifiers, Embedded Clauses
- Information Density: Nominalization over Clauses
- Four Strata of Slovak: spisovná / hovorová / knižná / subštandard
- Bookish (knižná) Register: Elevated Lexis and Forms
- Substandard & Dialect Awareness (subštandard a nárečia)
- Emotional Intensifiers and Evaluative Suffixes
- Proverbs and Cultural Quotations
- Bureaucratic & Formal Set Phrases
- Anglicisms, Calques and Standard Alternatives
- Academic / Formal Register: Nominalization, Passive, Hedging
- Archaic Pluperfect in Literary Use
- Elevated & Archaic Imperatives / Optatives
- Nuanced Modality: Epistemic vs Deontic
- Historic (Narrative) Present and Aspect
- Frequentative Verbs
- Aspect Choice in Modal & Infinitive Constructions
- Aspect and Time Adverbials: Precise Compatibility
- Aspect in Discourse: Foregrounding vs Backgrounding
- Lexical Aspect Classes (Aktionsart)
- Idioms and Fixed Phrasemes: Precise Meaning & Form
- Collocation Precision: Typical Word Partnerships
- Paronyms and Easily Confused Words
- Verbal Prefix Semantics: Fine Meaning Shades
- Advanced Nominalization & Stylistic Word-Formation
What the slovak guide covers
Cases (36) · Syntax (30) · Orthography (25) · Verb usage (23) · Aspect (22) · Verb tenses (21) · Clitics (19) · Agreement (18) · Prepositions (18) · Connectors (16) · Register (13) · Pronouns (12) · Numbers dates time (12) · Word formation (11) · Motion verbs (8) · Vocabulary usage (7) · Determiners (4)
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