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A173 topics
- · Present Tense - Regular Verbs (-er ending)
- · Subject Pronouns are Obligatory (no pro-drop)
- · Present Tense - være (er)
- · Present Tense - have (har)
A265 topics
- · Preterite - Class 1 (-ede: kastede, snakkede, arbejdede)
- · Preterite - Class 2 (-te: spiste, læste, købte)
- · Preterite - Short Verbs (-dde: boede, troede, betød/betød)
- · Preterite - Common Strong Verbs (drikke/drak, finde/fandt, komme/kom, tage/tog, skrive/skrev)
B164 topics
- · Preterite - Full Strong Verb Classes (Ablaut series: i-a-u, e-a-å, etc.)
- · Past Perfect (Pluskvamperfektum: havde / var + past participle)
- · Future Perfect (vil have + past participle)
- · Future-in-the-Past with skulle / ville (han sagde, han ville komme)
B267 topics
- · Strong Verb Ablaut Classes — Systematic Treatment
- · Mixed and Irregular Verbs — Comprehensive
- · Perfect vs Preterite — Register and Time-Reference Refinement
- · Pluperfect in Narrative Anchoring
C131 topics
- · Subjective/Evidential Modals — Full System
- · Advanced Passive Alternatives
- · Complex Tense Interactions
- · Advanced Aktionsart
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- Present Tense - Regular Verbs (-er ending)
- Subject Pronouns are Obligatory (no pro-drop)
- Present Tense - være (er)
- Present Tense - have (har)
- Present Tense - gøre, sige, gå, se, få, vide (common irregulars)
- Present Tense - Modal Verbs (kan, vil, skal, må, bør, tør)
- Present Tense for Future Meaning
- Imperative - Basic Form (stem-only)
- Infinitive with at (at spise, at gå)
- Present Tense - Weather and Impersonal Expressions
- være vs have - Basic Distinction
- der er - Existence / There is/are
- det er - Identification / It is
- kan vs må (ability vs permission/obligation)
- skal vs vil (must/will vs want)
- bør / burde (should / ought)
- Modal Verbs Take Bare Infinitive (no at)
- Liking with at kunne lide / elske / godt lide
- Age with være (Jeg er 25 år)
- at hedde for 'to be called' (Jeg hedder Anne)
- Two Grammatical Genders - Introduction (en-words / et-words)
- Gender Clues from Noun Endings and Word Type
- Indefinite Article en/et
- Suffixed Definite Article - Singular (-en, -et)
- Plural - Indefinite (-er, -e, zero ending)
- Plural - Definite (-(e)ne)
- Common Irregular Plurals (mand/mænd, bog/bøger, far/fædre, bror/brødre, barn/børn, fod/fødder)
- Predicative Adjective Agreement (Bilen er stor / Huset er stort / Bilerne er store)
- Attributive Adjective - Indefinite (en stor bil, et stort hus, store biler)
- The Irregular Adjective lille / små
- Possessives (min/mit/mine, din/dit/dine, hans, hendes, vores, jeres, deres)
- Demonstratives denne / dette / disse + Singular Definite Form
- Subject Pronouns (jeg, du, han, hun, den, det, vi, I, de)
- Object Pronouns (mig, dig, ham, hende, den, det, os, jer, dem)
- Capital I for Plural You (vs lower-case i = preposition 'in')
- den vs det (referring back: en bil → den / et hus → det)
- Location Adverbs her vs der and Direction her vs hen
- Interrogative Pronouns hvem / hvad / hvilken / hvilket / hvilke
- Indefinite Pronoun man (one, you-impersonal)
- Possessive Pronouns - Standalone Use
- Place: i vs på (Basic)
- Movement: til vs fra (to / from)
- Directional ind / ud / op / ned (vs inde / ude / oppe / nede)
- Companionship: med vs uden (with / without)
- Origin: fra vs af
- Time: klokken X, om morgenen / aftenen / natten
- Time: på mandag, i januar, i 2024
- Basic for (purpose, beneficiary, duration: for to dage siden)
- Verb-Second (V2) Word Order in Main Clauses
- Subject-Verb Inversion after Fronted Element (I morgen rejser jeg)
- Basic Field Model (sætningsskema) - Introduction
- Yes/No Questions (Verb First)
- hv-Questions (hvem, hvad, hvor, hvorfor, hvordan, hvornår, hvilken)
- Questions about Subject (Hvem kommer? - no inversion)
- Coordinating Conjunctions (og, eller, men, for, så)
- Time Sequence (først, så, derefter, bagefter, til sidst)
- Addition Markers (også, desuden, derudover)
- Negation with ikke - Main Clause Position (after finite verb / object pronoun)
- ingen / intet / ingenting (no one / nothing)
- aldrig vs ikke længere / ikke mere (never / no longer / no more)
- heller ikke (neither / not either)
- Tag Questions (..., ikke også? / vel?)
- jo as Answer to a Negative Question (yes-contradiction)
- The Three Extra Letters æ, ø, å (and the older aa = å)
- Double Consonants Mark Short Vowels (mad vs mat, hede vs hætte)
- Basic Capitalisation (sentence start, proper nouns; days/months/nationalities/languages are lowercase)
- Basic Punctuation (period, question mark, comma in lists)
- Universal du - Why Danes Don't Use De Anymore
- Greetings (Hej, Hejsa, Goddag, Godmorgen, Farvel, Vi ses)
- tak-Phrases (tak, mange tak, tusind tak, ja tak, nej tak, værsgo, undskyld)
- Stød - Introduction (recognition only)
- Cardinal Numbers 1-49 (regular: ti, tyve, tredive, fyrre)
- Days, Months and Seasons (mandag, januar, vinter)
- Preterite - Class 1 (-ede: kastede, snakkede, arbejdede)
- Preterite - Class 2 (-te: spiste, læste, købte)
- Preterite - Short Verbs (-dde: boede, troede, betød/betød)
- Preterite - Common Strong Verbs (drikke/drak, finde/fandt, komme/kom, tage/tog, skrive/skrev)
- Preterite - være (var) and have (havde)
- Present Perfect - har + past participle
- Present Perfect with er - Motion / Change of State (er kommet, er blevet, er rejst)
- Past Participles by Class (-et, -t, strong patterns)
- Preterite vs Present Perfect - Basic Distinction
- Future with skal vs vil vs kommer til at vs Present
- Past Meaning of Modals (kunne, ville, skulle, måtte, burde, turde)
- Reflexive Verbs with sig (vaske sig, sætte sig, glæde sig, lægge sig, rejse sig — including movement reflexives)
- Aspectual Periphrases - Basic (er ved at + inf for progressive; plejer at + inf for habitual; sidder/står/ligger og + verb for ongoing)
- Basic Meanings of få (receive / be allowed / manage)
- Basic Meanings of blive (become / stay / passive auxiliary preview)
- Negative Imperative (Lad være med at... / Gør det ikke!) - Position of ikke and the lad-være construction
- synes vs tro vs mene - Basic Distinctions
- Position-Placement Verb Pairs - Introduction (sidde vs sætte, ligge vs lægge, stå vs stille; bogen ligger vs jeg lægger bogen)
- Adjective - Definite Attributive (den store bil, det store hus, de store biler)
- Double Definiteness (den store bil) - Introduction (den/det/de + adjective + plain noun)
- Full Adjective Paradigm Review (en stor bil / et stort hus / store biler / den store bil)
- Comparative (-ere)
- Superlative (-est)
- Irregular Comparison (god/bedre/bedst, gammel/ældre/ældst, lang/længere/længst, mange/flere/flest)
- Comparative in Attributive Position (den større bil)
- Superlative in Attributive Position (den største bil)
- Adjective Form after Possessive / Demonstrative (min store bil, denne store bil)
- Adjectives with No -t in Neuter (glad, lat, fælles, moderne, ægte)
- Reflexive Pronouns - Full Paradigm (mig, dig, sig, os, jer, sig)
- Reflexive Possessive sin / sit / sine - Introduction
- sin vs hans / hendes (Anna læser sin bog vs Anna læser hendes bog)
- Relative Pronouns som and der (subject vs object position; der only as subject)
- Omission of som as Object (Manden (som) jeg så)
- Stressed Demonstratives den / det / de (that one / those, with stød/emphasis)
- Indefinite Pronouns nogen / noget (some / any), nogle as plural
- Reciprocal Pronoun hinanden (mainly two) / hverandre (more formal)
- Multiple Uses of af (agent, material, of/from, cause)
- for - Time, Beneficiary, Duration, Reason (for to uger siden / for at)
- Multiple Uses of om (about, in/within time, if-question; om to uger = in two weeks)
- hos (at someone's place: hos lægen, hos mig)
- ved (next to, at, by means of)
- Motion vs Location Pairs (ind/inde, ud/ude, op/oppe, ned/nede, hjem/hjemme, hen/henne)
- Countries & Cities: i Danmark vs på Island vs til Danmark
- Transport (med bil / med tog / på cykel / til fods)
- Subordinating at (that)
- Subordinating fordi vs da vs siden (because / since)
- Conditional hvis vs om (if)
- Temporal når vs da (when - habitual/future vs single past)
- Subordinate Clause Word Order - Introduction (subject before central adverb / negation)
- Negation Position in Subordinate Clauses (..., fordi jeg ikke kommer)
- Central Adverbs (sætningsadverbier) Middle-Field Position (jo, nok, vel, bare, faktisk, desværre, måske) - Main vs Subordinate
- Indirect Questions with om / hv-Words
- Correlative Conjunctions (både ... og, hverken ... eller, enten ... eller, ikke kun ... men også)
- Causal Adverbs (derfor, dermed, så) - main clause connectors with inversion
- Concessive Adverbs (alligevel, dog, ikke desto mindre)
- Common Confusion at vs og (infinitive marker vs 'and' - both pronounced /ɔ/ in fast speech)
- Compound Spelling Basics (sammenskrivning: skrivebord, ikke skrive bord)
- Comma Rules - Introduction (grammatical comma vs new comma; before subordinate clauses, before men)
- The 'Soft d' (bløde d) /ð/ — recognition (mad, gade, hade, ud)
- Email/Letter Greetings and Closings (Hej / Med venlig hilsen / Mvh / Kære)
- Common False Friends with English (gift = married/poison; rolig = calm; eventuelt = possibly, NOT eventually)
- Adverb Formation from Adjectives with -t (en hurtig bil → han kører hurtigt; en god dag → det går godt)
- Vigesimal Numbers 50-99 (halvtreds = 50, tres = 60, halvfjerds = 70, firs = 80, halvfems = 90; énogtyve = 21)
- Ordinal Numbers and Dates (første, anden, tredje, fjerde ... tyvende; den 3. maj, den 21. juni 2024)
- Telling Time (klokken er ti minutter over tre, halv fire, kvart i fem; bemærk: halv fire = 3:30)
- Preterite - Full Strong Verb Classes (Ablaut series: i-a-u, e-a-å, etc.)
- Past Perfect (Pluskvamperfektum: havde / var + past participle)
- Future Perfect (vil have + past participle)
- Future-in-the-Past with skulle / ville (han sagde, han ville komme)
- Conditional with skulle / ville + Infinitive
- Conditional Perfect (skulle have / ville have + past participle)
- Preterite vs Present Perfect - Refined (definite past time vs experience/relevance)
- Historical/Narrative Present
- Progressive Alternatives (sidder og læser, står og venter, ligger og sover)
- Subjective/Evidential Modals (skal = it is said / må = must logically / kan = could be)
- Advanced få (få gjort, få til at, få fat på, få noget at vide)
- blive for Change of State (blive vred, blive gammel, blive færdig)
- Inherently Reflexive Verbs (skamme sig, fortryde, glæde sig, kede sig)
- Particle Verbs - Basic Pattern (gå ud, tage op, sætte på, slå på)
- Particle Stress and Meaning ('gå 'ud literal vs 'gå ud figurative; particle gets primary stress when literal)
- synes vs tro vs mene - Full Distinctions
- kommer til at vs skal (prediction vs intention/plan)
- lade (to let / cause) - Basic Causative
- -s Passive in Present (Brevet læses, dørene åbnes)
- blive-Passive in Present (Brevet bliver læst)
- blive-Passive in Past (Brevet blev læst / er blevet læst)
- -s vs blive Passive (general/habitual vs specific event)
- være-Passive (state, result: Døren er åbnet)
- Passive Agent with af (Bogen blev skrevet af forfatteren)
- Passive with Modal (skal gøres / skal blive gjort / må læses)
- Hortative lad os (let us) and the lad-være-med-at construction
- Double Definiteness — Full System and Exceptions
- No Suffix with Possessive/Demonstrative + Adjective + Noun
- Definiteness with Body Parts, Family, Times of Day
- Past Participle as Adjective
- Present Participle as Adjective
- Relative som with Stranded Preposition
- Relative hvis (whose) and hvilket / hvad der (formal)
- sin / sit / sine — Full Disambiguation Rules
- Expletive der vs det as Anticipatory Subject
- nogen vs ingen, noget vs intet in Negation/Question
- Verb + Preposition — Common Combinations (rection)
- Adjective + Preposition (rection)
- Noun + Preposition (rection)
- Stranded Prepositions in Questions
- Stranded Prepositions in Relative Clauses
- Compound Prepositions
- Figurative på vs i (på arbejde / i job, på skolen / i skole)
- Advanced Temporal Prepositions (under, mellem, gennem, inden, fra ... til)
- Subordinate Clause Word Order — Full System
- ikke Placement — Main vs Subordinate, with Pronouns vs Full NPs
- Relative Clauses — Full System (som, der, omitting som as object, ø-relative)
- Cleft Construction Det er X der/som...
- Pseudo-Cleft (Det, der overraskede mig, var ...)
- Extraposition with det as Anticipatory Subject
- Reported Speech — Tense Backshift
- Temporal Subordinators (før, efter at, mens, inden, lige indtil)
- Purpose: for at vs så vs således at
- Concessive (selvom, skønt, til trods for at, om end)
- Consequence (så ... at, sådan at)
- Comparison som vs end (as / than)
- Særskrivning Errors — When to Compound
- Long Compounds — Reading and Building
- New Comma (nyt komma) vs Grammatical Comma (grammatisk komma)
- Spoken vs Written Danish — Reduction, Schwa-Deletion, Dropped Pronouns
- Common Danish Collocations
- Word Formation: Prefixes and Suffixes
- Percentages, Fractions, Large Numbers
- Compound Numerals with Inversion (énogtyve, tooghalvtreds)
- Strong Verb Ablaut Classes — Systematic Treatment
- Mixed and Irregular Verbs — Comprehensive
- Perfect vs Preterite — Register and Time-Reference Refinement
- Pluperfect in Narrative Anchoring
- Future Perfect — Practical Use
- Counterfactual Conditional — Present
- Counterfactual Conditional — Past
- Modals in Perfect — Nuance
- Advanced Aspect Periphrases
- Systematic Treatment of få (modal, causative, achievement, light verb)
- Advanced lade (lade være med at, lade noget ligge, lad os, lade som om)
- Systematic Treatment of blive (passive aux, change of state, remain, become)
- kommer til at vs skulle — Subtle Distinctions
- Modal Chains (skulle kunne, måtte få, ville måtte)
- Light Verb Constructions
- Pseudo-Copular Verbs (virke, se ud, lyde, smage, føles)
- Particle Verbs — Advanced Meaning Shifts
- Position-Placement Verb Pairs
- Lexical Aspect / Aktionsart in Danish
- -s Passive across Tenses — Constraints
- blive-Passive across all Tenses — Review
- være vs blive Passive — State vs Process Contrast
- -s Passive for General/Habitual (Der sælges blomster her)
- få-Passive (recipient passive)
- Passive Alternatives with man (Man siger at...)
- Passive with Particle Verbs
- Extended Adjective Phrases (en af de mest interessante bøger)
- Parallel Adjectives (en stor, gammel bil)
- Complex Subject-Verb Agreement
- Quantifier Concord (meget vs mange, lidt vs få, al/alt/alle)
- sin in Complex Clauses
- Relative Choice (som vs der vs hvilket vs det som vs hvad der)
- Demonstrative vs Personal Anaphora (han vs den vs denne)
- Indefinite Compound Phrases (en eller anden, et eller andet, noget som helst)
- Constructions with egen / eget / egne (own)
- Advanced Verb + Preposition (rection)
- Advanced Adjective + Preposition
- Formal Compound Prepositions
- Figurative / Abstract Prepositions
- til as Genitive-Like (broderen til Anna — colloquial possession)
- -s Genitive (Annas bog, dagens nyhed)
- Subtle Preposition Pairs (af/fra, på/i in abstract, til/mod directionality)
- Advanced Topicalisation
- Long-Distance Extraction
- Extraposition — Full System
- Cleft and Pseudo-Cleft — Full System
- Inversion after Main-Clause Adverbs
- Inversion after Negative Adverbials
- Advanced Relative Clauses
- Reported Speech — Advanced
- Active ↔ Passive Transformations — Full Practice
- Advanced Contrast Connectors
- Advanced Consequence Connectors
- Advanced Condition Connectors
- Danish Modal Particles — Pragmatic Functions
- Academic Danish
- Business Danish Register
- Journalistic Register
- Major Dialect Features Awareness
- Jutland Dialects — Recognition
- Formal/Archaic Forms
- Stød — Minimal Pairs and Distribution
- Phonological Reduction in Speech
- False Friends with German, Swedish and Norwegian
- Advanced Collocations
- Common Idioms and Proverbs
- Anglicisms — Integration and Inflection
- Subjective/Evidential Modals — Full System
- Advanced Passive Alternatives
- Complex Tense Interactions
- Advanced Aktionsart
- Overlap of få / lade / blive in Causative-Permissive Space
- Idiomatic / Opaque Particle Verbs
- Heavily Extended Participle Attributes
- Information Structure — Theme/Rheme, Given/New, Focus
- Ellipsis and Gapping
- Stylistic Inversion (literary)
- Anaphora, Cataphora and Textual Reference
- Evidentiality Markers
- Precision Reformulation
- Text-Structuring Connectors for Extended Discourse
- Literary Register and Style
- Legal / Administrative Danish
- Irony, Understatement, Litotes
- Advanced Dialect Features
- Archaic and Old-Fashioned Register
- Sociolects and Youth Speech
- Inclusive and Politically Sensitive Language
- Relative Pronoun Precision
- Prepositions in Abstract / Figurative Relations
- Subtle Definiteness Choices
- Advanced Punctuation
- Word Order Stylistic Choices in Main Clauses
- Paronyms and Near-Homophones
- Neologisms and Anglicisms — Advanced
- Register-Based Synonym Selection
- Creative and Long Compounds
- Advanced Idioms and Set Phrases
What the danish guide covers
Syntax (48) · Verb tenses (38) · Verb usage (37) · Prepositions (31) · Agreement (26) · Pronouns (26) · Register (19) · Connectors (18) · Vocabulary (11) · Orthography (10) · Passive voice (7) · Verb advanced (6) · Determiners (5) · Numbers dates time (5) · Precision (5) · Phonology prosody (2) · Vocabulary usage (2) · Numbers (2) · Phonology (2)
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