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A175 topics
- · Invariable adjectives
- · Subject–verb agreement
- · Adjective agreement (अच्छा/अच्छी/अच्छे)
- · Adjective agreement in the oblique
A244 topics
- · Imperative by politeness (कर/करो/कीजिए)
- · Deferred-polite imperative -इएगा
- · आप takes the plural verb
- · Superlative (सबसे बड़ा)
B149 topics
- · Vector verb जाना (completion/change of state)
- · The bare stem before a vector verb
- · Conjunct verbs (इंतज़ार करना / ख़ुश होना)
- · Vector verbs लेना/देना (self vs other benefit)
B252 topics
- · First causative (direct) — कराना
- · Second causative (indirect, via agent) — करवाना
- · Causative agent marked with से
- · Two-level causative contrast (कराना vs करवाना)
C130 topics
- · Aspectual nuance in compound tenses
- · Vector-verb nuance (बैठना/उठना/निकलना)
- · Idiomatic compound-verb senses
- · Subjunctive of doubt (शायद…करे)
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- Invariable adjectives
- Subject–verb agreement
- Adjective agreement (अच्छा/अच्छी/अच्छे)
- Adjective agreement in the oblique
- Greetings and politeness words
- Honorific आप (introduction)
- Choosing तू / तुम / आप
- Connectors और / या
- Connectors लेकिन / क्योंकि
- Numbers 1–10
- Days of the week
- Months of the year
- Numbers 11–20
- Counting nouns with numbers
- Ordinals (introduction)
- Telling time (whole hours, बजे)
- Noun gender (masculine/feminine)
- Number (singular/plural)
- Masculine -ा → -े plural
- Unmarked masculine nouns (no change)
- Feminine -ी → -ियाँ plural
- Feminine consonant → -एँ plural
- Direct vs oblique case (introduction)
- Oblique singular form
- Postposition में (in/inside)
- Postposition पर (on/at)
- Genitive का/के/की
- Postposition को
- Postposition से (introduction)
- Genitive with oblique possessor
- Oblique-before-postposition rule
- Compound postpositions (introduction)
- Possessive predication के पास (introduction)
- Personal pronouns
- Demonstrative pronouns यह / वह
- Demonstrative adjectives यह/वह + noun
- Possessive pronouns
- तू / तुम / आप levels
- Interrogative कौन / क्या
- Pronoun oblique forms (introduction)
- Independent vowels
- Consonant letters (inherent अ)
- Devanagari numerals ०–९
- Pūrṇa virām (।)
- Vowel signs (मात्रा) and बारहखड़ी
- Halant / virām ्
- Anusvāra ं vs chandrabindu ँ
- Nukta ़ (introduction)
- Conjunct consonants (introduction)
- Schwa deletion (introduction)
- Special vowel signs ृ and ॅ
- Question word कौन (who)
- Question word क्या (what)
- Question word कहाँ (where)
- Question word कब (when)
- Question word क्यों (why)
- Adjective before the noun
- Postposition follows the noun
- Yes/no question marker क्या
- Question word कैसे / कैसा (how)
- Question word कितना (how much/many)
- SOV word order
- Subject pro-drop
- Copula होना — present (हूँ/है/हैं)
- Copula negation (नहीं है)
- Verb infinitive (root + -ना)
- Existence and location with होना
- Copula past (था/थी/थे)
- Present habitual (करता है)
- Present habitual negation
- Imperfective participle करता/करती/करते
- Everyday Perso-Arabic vocabulary
- Negation नहीं
- Particle भी (also/too)
- Particle ही (only/just)
- Imperative by politeness (कर/करो/कीजिए)
- Deferred-polite imperative -इएगा
- आप takes the plural verb
- Superlative (सबसे बड़ा)
- Postposition placement in the sentence
- Reporting कि-clauses (intro)
- Comparative (X से ज़्यादा बड़ा)
- Masculine plural of -आ nouns
- Vocative case and oblique
- Direct vs oblique case (full)
- Oblique plural -ओं
- Direct feminine plural -एँ / -याँ
- Predicting noun gender
- Postpositions से and तक
- Dative को (recipient/experiencer)
- Differential object marking को (intro)
- Ordinals (extended + oblique)
- Dates and the calendar
- Fractional clock time (सवा/साढ़े/डेढ़)
- Numbers 20–100 pattern
- Tatsama vs tadbhava words (intro)
- Naturalised Perso-Arabic loanwords
- Negation न (coordination/subjunctive)
- Prohibitive negation मत
- Contrastive/topic particle तो
- Oblique question words किसको / किसने
- Future tense -गा
- Present continuous (कर रहा है)
- Past habitual (करता था)
- Past continuous (कर रहा था)
- Ergative pronoun forms (मैंने/उसने)
- Ergative ने with perfective (intro)
- Verb agrees with object (simple cases)
- Conjunct verbs (करना/होना) intro
- Aspirate consonants (bh/gh/dh/jh)
- Retroflex vs dental consonants
- Anusvāra ं in spelling
- Chandrabindu ँ for nasal vowels
- Reading common handwritten/print shapes
- Conjunct consonants क्ष त्र ज्ञ श्र
- Halant and forming conjuncts
- Candra ॅ for English loanwords
- Selective nukta क़ ख़ ग़ ज़ फ़
- Schwa deletion in pronunciation
- Vector verb जाना (completion/change of state)
- The bare stem before a vector verb
- Conjunct verbs (इंतज़ार करना / ख़ुश होना)
- Vector verbs लेना/देना (self vs other benefit)
- Vector verbs पड़ना/उठना (sudden/inceptive)
- Vector verb डालना (forceful/decisive)
- Cause/result क्योंकि / इसलिए
- Subordinate कि-clause (complementizer)
- Purpose clause ताकि + subjunctive
- Contrast/concession लेकिन / मगर / हालाँकि
- Intransitive perfective still subject-agrees (वह आया)
- Ergative ने — perfective transitive (full)
- को-marked object freezes the verb to masc-sg
- Verb agrees with the unmarked object
- The #1 error — do NOT agree with the ने-subject
- Intransitive verbs that still take ने
- A जाना-vector compound blocks ने
- Third-person honorific (पिता जी आए)
- Honorific imperative (कीजिए) + deferred -इएगा
- Conjunctive participle कर / करके ("having done")
- Dative-subject (मुझे बुख़ार है)
- Place relative जहाँ…वहाँ
- Time relative जब…तब
- Degree correlative जितना…उतना
- Relative–correlative जो…वो
- Oblique relative जिस…उस
- Obligation/advice with ना चाहिए
- Planned obligation with ना है
- Capacitative सकना (can / able)
- Subjunctive (करूँ / करे / करें)
- Real conditional अगर…तो
- Compulsion with ना पड़ना
- Managing to do with पाना
- Passive with जाना
- Incapacity passive (मुझसे नहीं हुआ)
- Visarga ः and candra ॅ in loans
- Special conjuncts क्ष / त्र / ज्ञ / श्र
- वाला nominaliser (आने वाला / दिल्ली वाला)
- Ownership (X मेरा है) vs having (मेरे पास X है)
- Relative pronoun जो and its forms
- Reflexive possessive अपना
- Emphatic reflexive ख़ुद / स्वयं
- Indefinite pronouns (कोई / कुछ / किसी)
- Present perfect (किया है)
- Past perfect (किया था)
- Past continuous (कर रहा था)
- Completive aspect with चुकना
- Adjectival -ता हुआ (imperfective)
- Adjectival -या हुआ (perfective)
- First causative (direct) — कराना
- Second causative (indirect, via agent) — करवाना
- Causative agent marked with से
- Two-level causative contrast (कराना vs करवाना)
- Irregular causative stems (vowel change)
- Causatives in the perfective take ने
- Passive agent with से / के द्वारा
- Agentless / formal passive
- Vector-verb aspectual nuance
- पड़ना vector — sudden/involuntary onset
- Vectors रखना / देना (anterior / retained-result)
- जाना-vector intransitivises (ने-blocking)
- ने vs no-ने across vector compounds
- Stacked aspect (vector + completive/perfect)
- Causal & reason connectors (चूँकि…इसलिए)
- Adversative & concessive connectors
- Temporal subordinators (जब…तब / जैसे ही / जब तक)
- Conditional & inferential discourse markers
- तत्सम vs तद्भव register layer
- Naturalized Perso-Arabic loans (the accepted middle)
- Frozen lexicalized loan plurals (whitelist)
- Sandhi संधि — introduction (euphonic combination)
- Samās समास — introduction (compounding)
- The जी honorific suffix
- Third-person honorific plural concord
- Honorific titles & address terms
- Honorific plural (आदरार्थ बहुवचन)
- Formal ↔ informal register shift
- Concessive (हालाँकि … फिर भी)
- Optative / wish (काश + counterfactual)
- Presumptive mood (होगा = "must be / probably")
- Future-presumptive (रहा होगा / गया होगा)
- Counterfactual conditional (अगर…होता…तो…होता)
- Past counterfactual (had…would have)
- Particle तो — topic / contrast
- ही / भी scope and stacking
- Scalar particles भर / मात्र (just/only/entire)
- Postposition के बारे में (about)
- Postpositions की तरफ़ / की ओर (towards)
- Postposition के अनुसार / के मुताबिक़ (according to)
- Postposition के बावजूद (despite)
- Postpositions के ज़रिए / के द्वारा (by means of)
- Advanced compound postpositions (set)
- Layered aspect — habitual-past vs perfect; continuative
- चुकना completive with perfect/past layers
- कि-clause complements (that-clauses)
- क्या as emphatic / rhetorical particle
- कि / ताकि for purpose and result
- Equative/manner correlatives (जैसा…वैसा, जितना…उतना)
- Correlative chains (जो…वो / जिस…उस / जहाँ…वहाँ)
- Cleft / focus (यह…है कि) and fronting
- Reported / indirect speech & embedded कि-chains
- Aspectual nuance in compound tenses
- Vector-verb nuance (बैठना/उठना/निकलना)
- Idiomatic compound-verb senses
- Subjunctive of doubt (शायद…करे)
- Past obligative चाहिए था ("should have")
- Impersonal & agentless constructions
- Formal letter & honorific register
- Formal & deferential address terms
- Discourse markers (दरअसल, बहरहाल, ख़ैर)
- Softeners & hedging particles
- Nuanced emphatic & restrictive particles
- Marked word order: fronting & inversion
- Topicalization & scrambling
- Nominalized & embedded clauses
- Advanced relative–correlative chains
- Formal logical connectors (अतः, तथापि)
- किंतु / परंतु / अपितु / बल्कि contrast
- Concessive pair यद्यपि…तथापि
- Vowel sandhi (svar sandhi)
- Tatpurush compound
- Karmadharaya compound
- Dvigu (numeral) compound
- Dvandva (copulative) compound
- Tatsam–tadbhav–loan triplets
- Consonant sandhi (vyanjan sandhi)
- Visarga sandhi (visarg sandhi)
- Bahuvrihi (exocentric) compound
- Avyayibhava (adverbial) compound
- High tatsam / literary lexis
- Idioms & proverbs (muhaavare–lokoktiyaan)
What the hindi guide covers
Syntax (34) · Script orthography (23) · Vocabulary register (20) · Postpositions (19) · Verb mood (17) · Nouns (15) · Compound verbs (15) · Honorifics register (13) · Connectors (13) · Pronouns (12) · Particles (12) · Numbers dates time (11) · Verb aspect (11) · Verb tenses (10) · Ergativity (10) · Causatives (6) · Voice (5) · Agreement (4)
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