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A168 topics
- · Marked adjective agreement (اچھا/اچھی/اچھے)
- · Invariable adjectives
- · Verb agreement with the subject
- · Adjective agreement in the oblique
A258 topics
- · Adjective agreement in oblique
- · Predicate agreement (gender/number)
- · آپ takes a plural verb
- · Third-person honorific concord
B148 topics
- · Cause/result کیونکہ / اس لیے
- · Contrast لیکن/مگر/البتہ
- · Purpose clause تاکہ + subjunctive
- · Manner/comparison جیسے…ویسے
B256 topics
- · Layered aspect — progressive-of-perfect & habitual-past nuance
- · چکنا completive with perfect/past layers
- · Vector-verb aspectual nuance
- · پڑنا vector — sudden/involuntary action
C130 topics
- · Causal & resultative connectors
- · Enumerative & sequencing connectors
- · Advanced discourse connectors
- · Concessive & adversative connectors
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- Marked adjective agreement (اچھا/اچھی/اچھے)
- Invariable adjectives
- Verb agreement with the subject
- Adjective agreement in the oblique
- Honorific آپ (introduction)
- Choosing تُو / تم / آپ
- Coordinating connector اور
- Connector یا (or)
- Connector لیکن / مگر (but)
- Connector کیونکہ (because) (introduction)
- Grammatical gender of nouns (m/f)
- Singular and plural nouns
- Masculine plural patterns
- Feminine plural patterns
- Direct vs oblique form (introduction)
- Oblique singular form
- Days of the week
- Numbers 1–10
- Numbers 11–20
- Counting nouns with numbers
- Ordinal numbers پہلا/دوسرا/تیسرا
- Telling the hour with بجے
- Names of the months (introduction)
- Basic greetings and thanks
- Persian/Arabic everyday vocabulary
- Declarative negation نہیں
- Additive particle بھی
- Focus particle ہی
- Postposition میں (in/inside)
- Postposition پر (on/at)
- Postposition کو (dative/object)
- Genitive کا/کے/کی (possession)
- Postpositions require the oblique form
- Compound postpositions کے ساتھ / کے لیے
- Proximal یہ and distal وہ
- Personal pronouns میں/تُو/تم/آپ/یہ/وہ/ہم
- Three "you": تُو, تم, آپ (introduction)
- Possessive pronouns میرا/تمہارا/آپ کا
- Interrogative pronouns کون / کیا
- Demonstrative adjectives یہ/وہ + noun
- Pronoun oblique forms (introduction)
- Right-to-left reading direction
- The Urdu alphabet overview
- Arabic-Indic digits ۰–۹
- Initial, medial, final and isolated forms
- Non-joining (right-joining) letters
- Retroflex letters ٹ ڈ ڑ
- Nasal nūn-ghunna ں
- Persian letters پ چ ژ گ
- Alif and alif-madd آ
- Long-vowel letters ا و ی
- Aspiration he ھ vs gol he ہ
- Baṛī ye ے vs choṭī ye ی
- Hamza ء (introduction)
- Basic SOV word order
- Adjective before the noun
- Postposition follows the noun
- Yes/no questions with کیا
- Question words کیا/کون/کہاں/کب/کیسے
- Dropping the subject pronoun
- Present copula ہونا (ہوں/ہے/ہیں)
- Negating the copula with نہیں
- Existence and location with ہے/ہیں
- Past copula تھا/تھی/تھے
- Verb root and the نا infinitive
- Present habitual (کرتا ہے)
- Negating the present habitual
- Imperfective participle کرتا/کرتی/کرتے
- Adjective agreement in oblique
- Predicate agreement (gender/number)
- آپ takes a plural verb
- Third-person honorific concord
- Comparative سے زیادہ
- Superlative سب سے
- Negation نہیں: placement
- Sequencing پھر / اور
- Connector کیونکہ (because)
- Connector اس لیے (therefore)
- Higher ordinals + oblique agreement
- Saying a date
- Telling time بجے / سوا / ڈیڑھ
- Numbers 20–100 as one pattern
- Request & politeness register
- Ergative نے: perfective transitive intro
- Subject takes oblique before نے
- Verb agrees with unmarked object
- Split-ergativity: no نے in present/future
- Error: agreeing verb with نے-subject
- Conjunct verbs with کرنا
- Conjunct verbs with ہونا
- Prohibitive imperative مت / نہ
- Imperative by politeness level
- Vocative oblique (لڑکو!)
- Direct vs oblique: the exact trigger
- Oblique plural ending -وں
- Postposition سے (from/with/by)
- Postposition تک (up to/until)
- Compound postposition کے ساتھ
- Compound postposition کے لیے
- Compound کے بعد / سے پہلے
- Vocative particles اے / او
- Clitic تو (contrastive/topic)
- Possessive agreement with possessed noun
- Oblique pronoun stems before postpositions
- Reflexive possessive اپنا
- Interrogative pronouns + oblique کس
- Sukūn / jazm ْ
- Madd diacritic ٓ
- Short-vowel diacritics (harakāt)
- Tashdīd (gemination) ّ
- Tanwīn (nunation) ً ٍ ٌ
- Aspirate digraphs with do-chashmī ھ
- The letters ʿain ع and ghain غ
- Silent and assimilated letters
- Sun & moon letters (ال assimilation)
- Izāfat vowel marker ـِ
- Hamza seat rules (full)
- Simple past (perfective)
- Past of intransitive verbs (no نے)
- Future tense گا/گی/گے
- Negating the future نہیں
- Present perfect کیا ہے
- Past perfect کیا تھا
- Present continuous کر رہا ہے
- Past habitual کرتا تھا
- Past continuous کر رہا تھا
- Cause/result کیونکہ / اس لیے
- Contrast لیکن/مگر/البتہ
- Purpose clause تاکہ + subjunctive
- Manner/comparison جیسے…ویسے
- Numbers 30–100 (irregular pattern)
- Islamic & Gregorian dates
- Persian-register vocabulary (formal Urdu)
- Arabic-register vocabulary
- Pronouns + نے (میں نے، اس نے، ہم نے)
- کو-marked object freezes the verb to masc-sg
- Intransitive verbs that still take نے
- جانا-vector compounds can block نے
- Vector verb جانا (completion/change of state)
- The bare stem before a vector verb
- Vector verbs لینا/دینا (self vs other benefit)
- Vector verbs پڑنا/اٹھنا (sudden/inceptive)
- Vector verb ڈالنا (forceful/decisive)
- Honorific imperative (کیجیے/فرمائیے)
- Suppletive honorific verbs (تشریف/فرمانا)
- Obligation/advice with نا چاہیے
- Planned obligation with نا ہے
- Capacitative سکنا (can/able)
- Subjunctive (کروں/کرے/کریں)
- Real conditional اگر…تو
- Compulsion with نا پڑنا
- Managing/getting to do with پانا
- Intro to causatives (کرانا/کھلانا)
- Passive with جانا
- Additive particle بھی
- Focus particle ہی
- Negation نہ in subjunctive/coordination
- Contrastive/topic particle تو
- Tashdīd (ّ) and sukūn (ْ)
- Arabic definite ال + sun/moon letters
- Relative pronoun جو and its forms
- Emphatic reflexive خود/آپ
- Indefinite pronouns (کوئی/کچھ/کسی)
- Completive aspect with چکنا
- Conjunctive participle کر / کے ("having done")
- Dative-subject (مجھے بخار ہے)
- Place relative جہاں…وہاں
- Time relative جب…تب/تو
- Degree correlative جتنا…اتنا
- Subordinate کہ-clause (complementizer)
- Marked word order for emphasis
- Relative–correlative جو…وہ
- Oblique relative جس…اس
- Reported speech with کہ
- Layered aspect — progressive-of-perfect & habitual-past nuance
- چکنا completive with perfect/past layers
- Vector-verb aspectual nuance
- پڑنا vector — sudden/involuntary action
- Vectors رکھنا / چھوڑنا (anterior/result-retained)
- جانا-vector intransitivises (نے-blocking)
- نے vs no-نے across vector compounds
- Stacked aspect (vector + completive/perfect)
- First causative (direct)
- Second causative (indirect)
- Causative agent marked with سے
- Two-level causative contrast (کرانا vs کروانا)
- Irregular causative stems (vowel change)
- Causatives in the perfective take نے
- Passive agent with سے / کے ذریعے
- Passive vs active register choice
- Capacitative passive (ability/inability)
- Causal & reason connectors
- Adversative & concessive connectors
- Temporal subordinators (جب/جوں ہی/جب تک)
- Conditional & inferential discourse markers
- Persianate/Arabic high lexis vs colloquial
- Arabic-origin set phrases & adverbials
- Tanwīn adverbs (-اً)
- Persian compound adjectives & affixes
- Third-person honorific plural concord
- Honorific titles & address terms
- Honorific & humble verb suppletion
- Formal ↔ informal register shift
- Concessive conditional (اگرچہ…تاہم/پھر بھی)
- Optative / wish (کاش, ہائے کاش + counterfactual)
- Presumptive mood (ہوگا = "must be/probably")
- Counterfactual conditional (اگر…ہوتا…تو…ہوتا)
- Past counterfactual (had…would have)
- Iẓāfat construction (اضافت)
- Iẓāfat vs کا genitive contrast
- Iẓāfat chains & adjective iẓāfat
- Coordinative compound (عطف — واو)
- Arabic broken plurals
- Arabic sound plurals (-ات / -ین)
- Persian plurals (-ان / -ہا)
- Gender of Perso-Arabic loan nouns
- Reportative & hedging particles (کہ/گویا/شاید)
- Layered emphatic & scalar particles
- Discourse particles (تو, بھلا, آخر, خیر)
- Persianate ligatures & spelling conventions
- Iẓāfat & hamza-yē-zer spelling
- Arabic orthographic marks in loanwords
- Sun/moon-letter assimilation (شمسی/قمری)
- کہ-clause complements (that-clauses)
- The والا construction (agentive/imminent)
- کہ / تاکہ for purpose and result
- Cleft / fronting for emphasis
- Equative/manner correlatives (جیسا…ویسا, جتنا…اتنا)
- Reported/Indirect Speech — Advanced (commands, questions, deixis)
- Participial relative clauses (pre-nominal)
- Causal & resultative connectors
- Enumerative & sequencing connectors
- Advanced discourse connectors
- Concessive & adversative connectors
- Fine honorific & register distinctions
- Epistolary & address formulae
- Fronting for focus
- Marked verb displacement (literary)
- Nominalization & verbal-noun style
- Extraposed کہ-clause anticipation
- Topic–comment & given/new ordering
- Long embedded & multi-clause sentences
- Arabic feminine ـة → ـہ/ـت
- Advanced/literary Persian derivation
- Persian -ان / -جات plurals
- Parsing dense literary iẓāfat chains
- Subtle aspect contrasts
- Literary optative & wish constructions
- Modal & evidential nuance
- Complex counterfactual constructions
- Formal & impersonal passive constructions
- Literary narrative vs colloquial register
- Bureaucratic / official register
- Journalistic register
- Persianized formal diction
- Idioms (محاورے)
- Proverbs (کہاوتیں / ضرب الامثال)
- Compound word formation (مرکبات)
- Classical & poetic register (comprehension)
- Literary emphatic & modal particles
What the urdu guide covers
Syntax (32) · Script orthography (30) · Nouns (21) · Connectors (19) · Vocabulary register (17) · Verb mood (17) · Pronouns (14) · Numbers dates time (13) · Particles (13) · Verb tenses (13) · Compound verbs (13) · Honorifics register (12) · Postpositions (11) · Ergativity (9) · Verb aspect (8) · Causatives (7) · Agreement (6) · Voice (5)
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