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A173 topics
- · Present Tense - Regular -AR Verbs
- · Present Tense - Regular -ER Verbs
- · Present Tense - Regular -IR Verbs
- · Present Tense - Ser (permanent 'to be')
A261 topics
- · Pretérito Perfeito - Regular (completed past actions)
- · Pretérito Perfeito - High-Frequency Irregulars
- · Pretérito Imperfeito - Formation & Basic Use
- · Pretérito Imperfeito - Irregulars (ser, ter, ir, vir, pôr)
B167 topics
- · Present Subjunctive - Regular Verbs
- · Present Subjunctive - Irregulars
- · Future Subjunctive - Regular Verbs (BP productive)
- · Future Subjunctive - Irregulars
B267 topics
- · Imperfect Subjunctive - Formation & Core Uses
- · Conditional Perfect (teria + particípio)
- · Present Subjunctive Perfect (tenha + particípio)
- · Pluperfect Subjunctive (tivesse + particípio)
C132 topics
- · Synthetic Pluperfect (falara) - Active Production
- · Mesóclise (dar-lhe-ei, ter-se-ia) - Recognition and Formal Use
- · Personal vs Impersonal Infinitive - Advanced Stylistic Choice
- · Literary/Formal Haver (há anos que, havia dias, houve quem)
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- Present Tense - Regular -AR Verbs
- Present Tense - Regular -ER Verbs
- Present Tense - Regular -IR Verbs
- Present Tense - Ser (permanent 'to be')
- Present Tense - Estar (temporary 'to be')
- Present Tense - Ter (to have; also existential)
- Present Tense - Ir (to go)
- Present Tense - Fazer (to do/make)
- Present Tense - Modal Verbs Poder / Querer / Dever
- Present Tense - Other High-Frequency Irregulars (dar, ver, vir, dizer, saber)
- Immediate Future (ir + infinitive)
- Present Progressive (estar + gerúndio) - BP standard
- Ser vs Estar - Basic Distinction
- Existential 'tem' (there is/are) - BP colloquial default
- Ter for Possession / Haver Awareness
- Ser with Professions, Nationality, Origin
- Estar with Location and Temporary States
- Gostar de + Noun/Infinitive
- Pronominal/Reflexive Verbs - Basic
- Poder + Infinitive (can / may)
- Querer + Infinitive (want)
- Fazer for Weather and Time Elapsed
- Grammatical Gender - Basic (o/a)
- Gender Clues from Noun Endings
- Plural Formation - Basic
- Plurals of -ÃO Nouns (pão→pães, coração→corações, mão→mãos)
- Adjective Gender Agreement - Basic
- Adjective Number Agreement - Basic
- Adjective Position (post-noun default)
- Definite Articles (o, a, os, as)
- Indefinite Articles (um, uma, uns, umas)
- Preposition + Article Contractions (do, da, no, na, ao, à)
- Demonstratives - Three-way System (este/esse/aquele)
- Article Before Proper Names and Possessives (BP usage)
- Subject Pronouns - Você System + Formal o senhor/a senhora
- A gente as 'We' (colloquial BP, conjugates as 3sg)
- Tu (regional BP awareness: South, Northeast)
- Direct Object Pronouns (me, te, o/a, nos, os/as) - Standard
- Indirect Object Pronouns (me, te, lhe, nos, lhes)
- Reflexive Pronouns (me, te, se, nos, se)
- Possessive Adjectives (meu, seu, nosso)
- Interrogative Words (quem, o que, qual, quanto)
- Preposition De - Basic Uses (possession, origin, material)
- Preposition Em - Location/Time (no, na)
- Preposition A - Direction/Indirect Object
- Preposition Para (and colloquial 'pra', 'pro')
- Com, Sem, Por
- Location: em cima de, embaixo de, ao lado de, dentro de
- Em/No/Na with Cities and Countries (no Brasil, em São Paulo, na França)
- Basic Time Prepositions (em, a, de, até)
- Basic Word Order (SVO)
- Questions by Intonation (BP default)
- Basic Question Words (onde, quando, como, por que, quanto)
- Questions with 'O que' and 'é que' filler
- Basic Coordinating Conjunctions (e, mas, ou)
- Addition Connector 'Também' (also/too)
- Basic Time Sequencing (primeiro, depois, então, finalmente)
- Basic Negation with 'não' (pre-verbal)
- Double-Negation Concord (não...nada, não...ninguém, não...nunca)
- Nunca / Jamais (never)
- Ninguém / Nada (nobody / nothing)
- Nenhum / Nenhuma (no/none) as determiner and pronoun
- 'Também não' / 'Nem' (neither)
- Written Accents - Basic (´ ` ^ ~)
- Cedilha (ç) - Basic Rules
- Til and Basic Nasal Spellings (ã, õ, -m, -n, -em/-en)
- Digraphs and Their Sounds (ch, lh, nh, rr, ss, qu, gu)
- Basic Capitalization Rules (meses/dias em minúscula, nacionalidades)
- Formal Greetings (Bom dia, Boa tarde, Boa noite, Prazer)
- Informal Greetings (Oi, E aí, Tudo bem, Beleza, Tchau)
- Recognising Cognates (PT-EN, PT-ES) & Suspicious Ones
- Cardinal Numbers 1-1000 (with um/uma, dois/duas gender agreement)
- Days, Months and Seasons
- Pretérito Perfeito - Regular (completed past actions)
- Pretérito Perfeito - High-Frequency Irregulars
- Pretérito Imperfeito - Formation & Basic Use
- Pretérito Imperfeito - Irregulars (ser, ter, ir, vir, pôr)
- Simple Future (Futuro do Presente) - Formation
- Simple Future - Irregular Stems (dizer, fazer, trazer)
- Affirmative Imperative (você/vocês forms)
- Negative Imperative
- Pretérito Perfeito vs Imperfeito - Basic
- 'Estar com' for Bodily/Emotional States
- Ficar - Basic Uses (stay, become, be located)
- 'Há' / 'Faz' for Time Elapsed
- Desde + Present for Ongoing Duration
- Dever - Obligation and Probability (basic)
- Saber vs Conhecer
- Pronominal Verbs with Meaning Change (lembrar vs se lembrar, ir vs ir embora)
- Irregular Adjective Forms (bom/boa, mau/má, grande/grande)
- Adjective Position Changes Meaning (grande, pobre, velho, novo)
- Past Participle Agreement with Ser / Estar (passive & state)
- Past Participles - Regular (-ado/-ido) and Irregular (feito, dito, visto, posto, aberto)
- Comparison of Adjectives - Full System
- Article (not Possessive) with Body Parts and Clothing
- Clitic Placement - BP Default Próclise
- 'O/A' and 'Lhe' in Colloquial BP — avoidance strategies
- Tonic Prepositional Pronouns and 'com + pronoun' set (comigo, contigo, conosco)
- Demonstrative Pronouns vs Determiners; isto/isso/aquilo
- Possessives - Full System (teu/seu ambiguity in BP)
- Relative Pronoun 'que' (people and things)
- Relative Pronoun 'onde' (place)
- Indefinite Pronouns (alguém, algum, algo, tudo, todos)
- Full Contraction System
- A vs De before Infinitive - Basic Verbs
- Desde / Durante / Por (time)
- Location Prepositions (diante de, atrás de, entre, perto de, longe de)
- Transport (de carro, de ônibus, a pé)
- Common Verb+Preposition Combinations
- 'A' before Direct Object - PB vs Spanish 'a personal'
- Inversion in Questions - BP Rarity (mostly unused)
- Exclamative Sentences (Que...! Como...! Quanta/Quanto...!)
- Basic Reported Speech (Present)
- Comparison Sentence Structures
- Quando + Future Indicative vs Future Subjunctive - Introduction
- Cause: porque, pois
- Consequence: então, por isso
- Contrast: mas, porém, contudo, no entanto
- Purpose: para + infinitive
- Time: quando, enquanto, depois que, antes de
- Accent Rules by Stress Pattern
- Accents that Distinguish Meaning
- Crase (à = a + a) - Basic Rules
- Hyphenation - Basic
- 'Por que / Por quê / Porque / Porquê' - Four-way Distinction
- Basic Punctuation
- Polite Requests
- Email Greetings and Closings
- Common False Friends PT-ES (basic)
- Numbers to Millions (mil, milhão, bilhão)
- Hundreds Agree in Gender
- Ordinal Numbers (primeiro, segundo, vigésimo)
- Telling Time
- Dates - Full Form
- Present Subjunctive - Regular Verbs
- Present Subjunctive - Irregulars
- Future Subjunctive - Regular Verbs (BP productive)
- Future Subjunctive - Irregulars
- Personal Infinitive (Infinitivo Pessoal) - Formation
- Conditional (Futuro do Pretérito) - Formation
- Compound Pluperfect (tinha/havia + particípio)
- Present Perfect (tenho feito) - Iterative/Durative
- Perfeito vs Imperfeito - Advanced Narrative Choice
- Gerúndio - Simultaneity, Manner, Continuity
- Gerúndio vs Infinitive (incl. 'gerundismo' debate)
- Spelling-Change Verbs in -iar / -ear
- Ser vs Estar - Advanced Nuances
- Ficar - Advanced Meanings
- Dever - Obligation, Probability, Supposition
- Basic Aspectual Periphrases
- Acabar de / Acabar por
- Deixar de / Parar de (stop doing)
- Faltar, Sobrar, Bastar (gustar-type structures)
- Ter de / Ter que (obligation)
- Haver vs Ter in Existential and Auxiliary Uses - Register Contrast
- Subjunctive after Emotion Verbs
- Subjunctive after Desire / Wish
- Subjunctive after Doubt and Denial
- Subjunctive after Impersonal Expressions
- Subjunctive in Purpose Clauses
- Subjunctive after Concessive Conjunctions
- Subjunctive after Conditional Conjunctions
- Subjunctive after Temporal Conjunctions
- Subjunctive in Relative Clauses (indefinite antecedent)
- Infinitive vs Subjunctive (same/different subjects) — uses personal infinitive
- Double Past Participles
- Past Participle Agreement in 'se' Passive
- Agreement with Collective Nouns
- Plurals of Compound Nouns
- 'Para mim' vs 'para eu fazer' - Tonic vs Subject before Infinitive
- Relative Pronouns que / quem - Advanced (non-prepositional)
- Relative Cujo
- Próclise Triggers
- Ênclise - BP Rare; BP vs EP Contrast
- Emphatic Pronouns
- A vs De before Infinitive - Advanced Verbs
- Verbs with Indirect Object Preposition (verbs with 'a')
- Verbs with De
- Verbs with Em / Com
- Compound Prepositions (locuções prepositivas)
- Por vs Para - Core Contrast + Por as Cause/Means/Agent
- Prepositions after Adjectives
- Conditional Type 1 (real future condition)
- Conditional Type 2 (hypothetical / unreal)
- Reported Speech with Tense Shift (past reporting)
- Relative Clauses - Restrictive vs Non-restrictive
- Passive Voice - Basic (ser + particípio)
- Pronominal/Synthetic Passive (vendem-se, aluga-se)
- Cleft Sentences (é que..., foi...que)
- Adverb Placement
- Personal Infinitive after Prepositions
- Imperative + Object Pronouns - BP próclise default
- Advanced Time Connectors
- Reformulation and Exemplification
- Opinion Markers
- Crase - Advanced Rules
- Grammatical Homophones
- Full Nasal Spellings
- Hedging and Softening
- Spoken vs Written BP
- Word Formation: Key Suffixes
- Imperfect Subjunctive - Formation & Core Uses
- Conditional Perfect (teria + particípio)
- Present Subjunctive Perfect (tenha + particípio)
- Pluperfect Subjunctive (tivesse + particípio)
- Future Subjunctive Perfect (tiver + particípio)
- Sequence of Tenses - Indicative and Subjunctive
- Future & Conditional for Probability/Hypothesis
- Synthetic Pluperfect (falara) - Literary Recognition
- Advanced Aspectual Periphrases (chegar a, vir a, pôr-se a, estar por + inf.)
- "Ir + Gerúndio" for Incremental/Gradual Aspect (vai indo, foi chegando)
- Pseudo-Copulative Verbs (tornar-se, virar, passar a, ficar, continuar, permanecer)
- Perception Verbs + Infinitive / Gerúndio (ver, ouvir, sentir)
- Causative Constructions (mandar, deixar, fazer + infinitivo)
- Advanced Pronominal Meaning Shifts (dar-se bem, ir-se embora, pôr-se a)
- Modal Nuances with Conditional/Past Forms (deveria ter, poderia ter)
- Impersonal "Haver" - Existential and Time (formal register)
- Infinitive vs Que-Clause in Complements
- Pronominal Passive vs Alternatives (vende-se / vendem-se debate, mandar fazer, foi feito)
- Belief Verbs - Polarity & Nuance (achar/acreditar/pensar)
- Subjunctive in Relative Clauses - All Antecedent Types (indefinite, negative, superlative)
- Concordance of Tenses in Subjunctive (present → imperfect shift)
- Future Subjunctive - Advanced Triggers (quando, se, assim que, enquanto, conforme)
- Fixed Subjunctive Phrases (seja como for, aconteça o que acontecer, custe o que custar)
- Counterfactual Conditionals - Advanced (se tivesse sabido, teria feito)
- Independent Subjunctive (Que + subjuntivo as wish/order: Que Deus te ajude!)
- Advanced Concessive Connectors with Subjunctive (por mais que, por menos que, quem quer que, onde quer que)
- Past Participle - Invariable after Ter/Haver (compound tenses)
- Past Participle with Ser/Estar - Double-Participle Selection (acender: acendido vs aceso)
- Complex Subject-Verb Agreement (nem...nem, um e outro, mais de um, a maioria de)
- Silepse (Notional Agreement: Vossa Excelência é generoso; a gente vamos)
- Nominal Agreement - Tricky Pairs (meio cansada, bastante pessoas, todo o / todo)
- Personal Infinitive with Explicit/Implicit Subjects
- Relative Clauses with Prepositions - Full System (de quem, com que, a que, em que, o qual)
- Advanced Indefinite Pronouns (qualquer, quaisquer, certo, tal, outrem)
- Demonstratives for Temporal/Discourse Reference (isto/isso/aquilo, neste caso, naquela ocasião)
- Clitic Placement in Compound Tenses and Periphrases (tinha-me dito / tinha me dito)
- Por vs Para - Advanced Nuances (cause, agent, duration, exchange; purpose, deadline, recipient)
- Advanced Verb+Preposition (aspirar a, visar a/Ø, implicar em/Ø, custar a, insistir em)
- Formal Compound Prepositions (em virtude de, em face de, em detrimento de, no tocante a)
- Prepositions after Abstract Adjectives (passível de, susceptível a, alheio a, sujeito a)
- Regency Differences BP vs EP (assistir a + film BP vs assistir Ø)
- Conditional Type 3 (se + mais-que-perfeito do subjuntivo, futuro do pretérito composto)
- Mixed Conditional Sentences
- Como se + Imperfeito/Mais-que-Perfeito do Subjuntivo
- Result Clauses (tão...que, tanto...que, de modo que, de maneira que)
- Advanced Embedded Questions (se, o que, onde, quando + subjuntivo/indicativo)
- Personal Infinitive vs Subjunctive - Stylistic Choice
- BP Topic-Prominence in Colloquial Speech (Essa música, eu adoro)
- Advanced Contrast (todavia, contudo, entretanto, no entanto, por outro lado)
- Advanced Consequence (por conseguinte, consequentemente, de forma que, daí)
- Advanced Condition Connectors (a menos que, salvo se, exceto se)
- Advanced Cause (dado que, uma vez que, visto que, posto que, tendo em vista que)
- Temporal Aspectual Connectors (à medida que, à proporção que, conforme, na medida em que)
- Conditional & Imperfect for Politeness / Attenuation (queria, gostaria, poderia)
- Academic Register Features (nominalization, impersonality, formal connectors)
- Business Portuguese Register (meetings, corporate emails)
- BP vs EP - Major Contrasts (você/tu, próclise/ênclise, estar+ger/a+inf)
- Regional Variation Within Brazil (Sul, Nordeste, Sudeste, Norte)
- Register Levels (culto, coloquial, popular, gíria)
- Internet / Text BP (vc, pq, tbm, kkk, mds, slk; WhatsApp conventions)
- Gíria - BP Slang Awareness (legal, massa, top, da hora, mano, beleza)
- Advanced False Friends (PT-EN, PT-ES)
- Advanced Collocations
- Diminutives (-inho/-zinho) and Augmentatives (-ão/-zão) - Pragmatic Functions
- Nominalization Patterns (-ção, -mento, -agem)
- Proverbs and Idiomatic Expressions
- 2009 Orthographic Reform Awareness (hyphens, diaeresis, alphabet)
- Synthetic Pluperfect (falara) - Active Production
- Mesóclise (dar-lhe-ei, ter-se-ia) - Recognition and Formal Use
- Personal vs Impersonal Infinitive - Advanced Stylistic Choice
- Literary/Formal Haver (há anos que, havia dias, houve quem)
- Advanced Modal Periphrases (haver de, ter de, dever de + inf.)
- Lexical Aspect (Aktionsart) - Atelic/Telic/Punctual
- Archaic tu / vós Conjugation Recognition (Bible, hymns, literature)
- Full Concordance of Tenses in Subjunctive (literary texts)
- Subtle Mood Contrasts that Change Meaning (quando + ind./subj.; de maneira que ind./subj.)
- Fixed Subjunctive Formulas (haja o que houver, dê por onde der, seja o que for)
- Complex/Rare Triggers (tanto quanto, longe de que, sem que, nem que)
- Subjunctive for Stylistic Hedging, Polite Distance, and Literary Style
- Advanced Fronting for Focus & Topicalization
- Left and Right Dislocation with Resumptive Pronouns (BP-characteristic)
- Anacoluthon in Spoken BP (broken constructions)
- Ellipsis and Gapping
- Stylistic Inversion (literary narration, after certain adverbs)
- Evidentiality Markers (dizem que, consta que, parece que, supostamente)
- Text-Structuring Connectors for Extended Discourse
- Lusophone Variation Awareness (BP, EP, African Portuguese)
- Literary Register & Style (mesóclise, mais-que-perfeito sintético, futuro do subjuntivo marcado)
- Journalistic Register & Style (Brazilian press conventions)
- Legal / Administrative Portuguese (juridiquês, burocratês)
- Irony, Understatement and Litotes
- Paronyms and Near-Homonyms (iminente/eminente, tráfego/tráfico, descriminar/discriminar)
- Neologisms and Anglicisms - Integration & Adaptation (deletar, printar, lacrar)
- Advanced/Pejorative Suffixes (-aço, -alhão, -udo, -eiro, agentive -or/-eira)
- Precision with Relative Pronouns (o qual vs que; cujo; redundant antecedents)
- Full Próclise/Ênclise/Mesóclise Rules - Normative Precision
- Prepositions in Abstract / Figurative Relations (em, sobre, diante de)
- Crase - Precision & Edge Cases (à moda, à vista, à mão, topônimos)
- Capitalization - Titles, Works, Proper Nouns (Brazilian conventions)
What the brazilian portuguese guide covers
Verb tenses (42) · Verb usage (41) · Syntax (31) · Pronouns (30) · Prepositions (28) · Subjunctive (23) · Agreement (22) · Connectors (18) · Register (18) · Orthography (17) · Vocabulary (12) · Numbers dates time (7) · Negation (6) · Determiners (5)
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