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A162 topics
- · Bare Verb Roots as Predicates
- · No Person/Number Conjugation on Verbs
- · No Tense Conjugation: Time Words Carry Time
- · `ber-` Verbs - Basic Intransitive/Activity Use
A260 topics
- · `ber-` Expanded Uses: Activity, Having, Wearing
- · `ber-...-an` Reciprocal/Distributed Action - Intro
- · `meN-` Nasal Assimilation - Basic Allomorphs
- · `meN-` for Transitive Active Verbs
B162 topics
- · `meN-` Nasal Assimilation - Full Pattern
- · Root-Initial Deletion with `meN-` (t/s/k/p)
- · `meN-` vs `ber-` - Transitivity and Semantics
- · `di-` Passive Word Order and Topicality
B261 topics
- · Active vs Passive for Information Structure
- · Pronominal Passive Agent Constraints
- · `ter-` vs `di-` Passive Nuance
- · `memper-` Verbs - Make/Consider/Become More
C135 topics
- · Choosing the Right Affix in a Root Family
- · `-kan` vs `-i` with Abstract Objects
- · Passive Choice for Topicality in Formal Prose
- · Agent Suppression and Impersonal Style
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- Bare Verb Roots as Predicates
- No Person/Number Conjugation on Verbs
- No Tense Conjugation: Time Words Carry Time
- `ber-` Verbs - Basic Intransitive/Activity Use
- `meN-` Active Verbs - Concept Introduction
- `di-` Passive - Concept Introduction
- `ter-` for States and Unintentional Events - Basic
- Basic Imperatives with Root Verbs
- `adalah` as Formal Copula
- Zero Copula with Noun/Adjective Predicates
- `ada` for Existence and Location
- `punya` for Possession
- `sudah` for Completion / Already
- `sedang` for Ongoing Action
- `bisa` for Ability / Can
- No Grammatical Gender
- No Articles (`a/an/the`)
- Plurality from Context
- Noun Reduplication for Plurality
- Demonstratives `ini` and `itu`
- Possession: Noun + Owner/Pronoun
- `yang` as Basic Modifier Marker
- Basic Classifier-Like Measure Words: `seorang`, `seekor`, `sebuah`
- First Person Singular: `saya` vs `aku`
- Second Person: `kamu` vs `Anda`
- Third Person: `dia`, `ia`, `beliau`
- Inclusive `kita` vs Exclusive `kami`
- Plural Pronouns `kalian` and `mereka`
- Possessive Suffix Forms `-ku`, `-mu`, `-nya` - Introduction
- Interrogative `berapa` - How Many / How Much
- Basic Interrogatives: `apa`, `siapa`, `mana`
- `di` for Location
- `ke` for Direction
- `dari` for Origin / From
- `dengan` for With / Instrument
- `untuk` for For / Purpose / Recipient
- `pada` for Time and Formal Location
- `di` vs `ke` vs `dari`
- Basic SVO Word Order
- Adjectives Usually Follow Nouns
- Yes/No Questions by Intonation
- Questions with `apa` / `apakah`
- Question Word Position - Basic
- `tidak` for Verbal/Adjectival Negation
- `bukan` for Noun/Identity Negation
- `belum` for Not Yet
- Sentence-Final `ya` for Softening / Confirmation
- Coordination `dan` - And
- Coordination `atau` - Or
- Contrast `tetapi` / `tapi` - But
- Cause `karena` - Because
- Sequence `lalu` / `kemudian` - Then
- Indonesian Alphabet and Predictable Spelling
- Basic Capitalization
- Basic Punctuation
- Greetings and Leave-Taking
- Basic Politeness Words: `terima kasih`, `maaf`, `tolong`
- Recognizing Common Loanwords
- Basic Kinship Terms
- Cardinal Numbers 0-100
- Days and Months
- Telling Time - Basic
- `ber-` Expanded Uses: Activity, Having, Wearing
- `ber-...-an` Reciprocal/Distributed Action - Intro
- `meN-` Nasal Assimilation - Basic Allomorphs
- `meN-` for Transitive Active Verbs
- `di-` Passive Formation - Basic
- Passive Agent with Optional `oleh`
- Suffix `-kan` - Basic Causative/Benefactive
- Suffix `-i` - Basic Locative/Applicative
- `ter-` Accidental Passive / Can-Be-Done - Basic
- `ke-...-an` Circumfix - Basic States
- `akan` for Future / Intended Events
- `telah` as Formal Completed Aspect
- `lagi` for Progressive Meaning (colloquial/common)
- `pernah` for Experiential "Ever"
- `masih` for Still
- `boleh` for Permission
- `harus` for Must / Have To
- `mau` vs `ingin` for Want / Intend
- Reduplication Beyond Simple Plural
- Collective Plural Markers `para`, `kaum`, `umat`
- Quantifiers `banyak`, `sedikit`, `beberapa`
- `semua` vs `seluruh`
- `setiap` / `tiap` - Each/Every
- Demonstratives After Nouns: `buku ini`, `orang itu`
- Common Measure Words: `buah`, `lembar`, `batang`, `butir`, `helai`
- Basic Noun Compounds
- `-nya` as Possessive, Object Pronoun, and Definite Marker
- Possession: Full Pronoun vs `-ku/-mu/-nya`
- `sendiri` / `diri sendiri` - Reflexive Basic
- Interrogatives `kapan`, `mengapa/kenapa`, `bagaimana`
- Indefinites `seseorang`, `sesuatu`, `suatu`
- `-lah` for Soft Imperative / Emphasis
- `-kah` for Formal Questions
- `pun` for Also / Even
- `kepada` for Recipient / Addressee
- `daripada` for Comparison / Source Contrast
- `tentang` / `mengenai` for Topic
- `oleh` for Passive Agent and Cause
- `sampai` / `hingga` - Until / As Far As
- `sebagai` for Role / As
- `seperti` / `bagaikan` - Like / As If
- Basic Compound Location Prepositions
- Basic Relative Clauses with `yang`
- `yang` + Adjective as "the ... one"
- Negative Imperative `jangan`
- Equative Comparison: `sama ... dengan` and `se-...`
- Basic Topic Fronting
- Comparative `lebih/kurang ... daripada`
- Superlatives with `paling` and `ter-`
- Condition `kalau` / `jika`
- Purpose `supaya` / `agar`
- Time Connectors `waktu`, `ketika`, `saat`
- Before/After Connectors
- Hyphen in Full Reduplication
- `di/ke` as Prepositions vs Prefixes - Intro
- Address Terms `Bapak`, `Ibu`, `Mas`, `Mbak`
- Polite Requests with `tolong`, `mohon`, `silakan`
- Money and Prices: `rupiah`, `harga`, `bayar`, `berapa`
- Ordinal Numbers with `ke-`
- Full Dates and Calendar Expressions
- `meN-` Nasal Assimilation - Full Pattern
- Root-Initial Deletion with `meN-` (t/s/k/p)
- `meN-` vs `ber-` - Transitivity and Semantics
- `di-` Passive Word Order and Topicality
- Pronominal Passive / Object Voice Type 2 (`saya baca`)
- `di-` Passive vs Pronominal Passive
- `-kan` Causative and Benefactive Uses
- `-i` Locative, Recipient, Repetitive Uses
- `-kan` vs `-i` - Basic Contrast
- `ter-` as Superlative / Adjectival Prefix
- `sudah` vs `telah` - Completion and Register
- `belum` vs `tidak/bukan` in Negative Aspect
- `baru` for Just / Only Recently
- `dapat` vs `bisa`
- `perlu`, `wajib`, `mesti` - Need/Obligation
- Phase Verbs `mulai`, `selesai`, `berhenti`
- `berhasil`, `gagal`, `sempat`
- Serial Motion Verbs (go/come do something)
- `peN-` Agent/Instrument Nouns - Intro
- `-an` Result, Place, Collection Nouns
- `peN-...-an` Process and Result Nouns
- `ke-...-an` Abstract Nouns
- `per-...-an` Process/Domain Nouns
- `-nya` as Nominalizer - Basic
- Noun Reduplication: Variety/Distributive Meanings
- Degree Modifiers: `sangat`, `sekali`, `terlalu`, `cukup`, `agak`
- Verb Reduplication for Repetition/Leisurely Action
- Colloquial `sih` - Contrast, Softening, Topic
- Colloquial `dong` and `deh`
- Colloquial `kok` and `lho`
- Discourse Particles `nah`, `nih`, `tuh`
- Formal Particles `-lah`, `-kah`, `pun` - Contrast and Style
- Reciprocal `saling`
- Indefinites with `saja`: `apa saja`, `siapa saja`
- Reflexive `diri sendiri` - Advanced Use
- `dalam` for Abstract Domains
- `atas` for Basis, Cause, Responsibility
- `terhadap` for Toward / Regarding
- `menurut` vs `berdasarkan`
- `melalui` / `lewat` - Through / Via
- `bagi` vs `untuk`
- Complex Spatial Preposition Series
- Complement Clauses with `bahwa`
- `untuk` + Verb Clause
- Subject/Object Relative Clauses with `yang`
- `yang` Nominal Clauses
- Adverbs with `dengan` / `secara` and Adverb Position
- Negation Scope: `tidak`, `bukan`, `belum`, `jangan`
- Reported Speech without Tense Backshift
- Conditions with `kalau`, `jika`, `bila`
- Contrast `sedangkan` / `sementara`
- Concession `meskipun` / `walaupun`
- Result `jadi`, `maka`, `oleh karena itu`
- Progressive Comparison: `semakin`, `makin`, `kian`
- Formal vs Informal Indonesian - Overview
- Pronouns and Social Distance
- Colloquial Negatives `nggak` / `gak`
- Word Families Built from Roots and Affixes
- Common Indonesian Collocations
- Arabic and Sanskrit Loanword Awareness
- Large Numbers: `ribu`, `juta`, `miliar`
- Duration and Frequency Expressions
- Active vs Passive for Information Structure
- Pronominal Passive Agent Constraints
- `ter-` vs `di-` Passive Nuance
- `memper-` Verbs - Make/Consider/Become More
- `memper-...-kan` and `memper-...-i`
- Formal `per-...-kan/-i` Patterns
- `ke-...-an` Accidental/Adversative Verbs
- Colloquial Causative `buat` / `bikin` vs Formal Affixes
- Ordering Multiple Affixes
- `hendak` vs `mau` vs `ingin`
- Epistemic Modals `mungkin`, `barangkali`, `agaknya`
- `seharusnya` vs `sebaiknya`
- `bakal` as Colloquial Future/Prospective
- `tengah` as Formal Progressive
- Evidential Appearance Verbs
- `terlanjur` for Irreversible/Already-Too-Late Action
- Resultative Readings with `sampai`, `jadi`, `menjadi`
- `peN-` Nominalizer - Full Nasal Assimilation
- `peN-` vs `per-` Agent/Profession Nouns
- `ke-...-an` Quality/State Nouns - Advanced
- `-nya` for Clause Nominalization
- Headless `yang` Noun Phrases
- Rhyming/Sound-Symbolic Reduplication
- Fixed Reduplicated Lexemes
- Formal Spelling of Reduplicated Forms and Avoiding `2`
- `pun` in Concessive/Indefinite Constructions
- `-lah` for Focus, Imperative, Discourse Flow
- `-kah` in Rhetorical/Formal Questions
- Colloquial `kan` for Shared Assumption
- `ya` for Politeness, Boundary, Tagging
- Formal Complex Prepositions: `sehubungan dengan`, `terkait dengan`
- `antara`, `di antara`, `antar-`
- Purpose Prepositions `guna`, `demi`, `untuk`
- Cleft Sentences with `adalah ... yang`
- Definitions with `adalah`, `yaitu`, `ialah`
- Apposition with Titles, Roles, and Names
- Passive without `oleh` and Agent Omission
- Existential `ada` vs Formal `terdapat`
- Embedded and Stacked `yang` Clauses
- Hypothetical Conditions `seandainya`, `andaikata`
- Concessive Correlation (`walaupun ..., tetap ...`)
- Reported Speech with Reporting Verbs and `bahwa`
- Formal Contrast `namun`, `akan tetapi`
- Conclusion `dengan demikian`
- Correlative Connectors: `baik...maupun`, `bukan...melainkan`, `entah...atau`
- Academic Indonesian Register
- Journalistic Indonesian Register
- Bureaucratic/Administrative Indonesian
- Business Email Style
- Formal Speech Openings and Closings
- Jakartan Colloquial Indonesian - Recognition
- Indonesian vs Malay Differences - Awareness
- Advanced Titles and Respect Terms
- Near-Synonym Verb Pairs
- Abstract Nominal Style in Formal Indonesian
- Common Idioms
- Proverbs (`peribahasa`) - Awareness
- Loanword Spelling and Adaptation
- Abbreviations and Acronyms
- Percentages, Fractions, Decimals
- Approximate Numbers (`sekitar`, `kira-kira`, `kurang lebih`)
- Choosing the Right Affix in a Root Family
- `-kan` vs `-i` with Abstract Objects
- Passive Choice for Topicality in Formal Prose
- Agent Suppression and Impersonal Style
- Borderline `ter-` vs `ke-...-an` Cases
- Colloquial Nasal Prefix Reduction and Standard Equivalents
- Archaic/Literary Affix Patterns - Recognition
- Managing Information Flow in Long Sentences
- Nominal vs Verbal Style in Advanced Prose
- Parallelism in Coordinated Phrases and Clauses
- Advanced Topic-Comment Structure
- Clause Compression with Affixed Forms
- Ellipsis and Reference Tracking
- Advanced Argument Structuring Connectors
- Precision in Concession and Condition
- Literary Indonesian Style
- Legal Indonesian Style
- Policy and Report Writing Style
- Public Speech Rhetoric
- Hedging and Diplomatic Softening
- Irony, Understatement, and Implication
- English Code-Switching and Register Boundaries
- Regionalisms and When to Avoid Them
- Advanced Collocations
- Paronyms and Near-Homophones
- Historical Loanword Layers and Register
- Advanced Idioms and Fixed Expressions
- Active Use of Proverbs in Argument
- Productive Word Formation and Acceptability
- Euphemism and Taboo Avoidance
- Mastery of `di/ke` Prefix vs Preposition Spelling
- Formal Punctuation in Lists and Complex Clauses
- Avoiding Ambiguity with `-nya` Reference
- Avoiding Overuse/Underuse of `yang`
- Register Consistency Across Extended Text
What the indonesian guide covers
Syntax (40) · Verb affixation (35) · Verb usage (32) · Prepositions (25) · Register (24) · Nouns nominalization (17) · Pronouns (17) · Connectors (17) · Particles (14) · Vocabulary (13) · Voice focus (10) · Determiners quantifiers (10) · Orthography (10) · Numbers dates time (8) · Vocabulary usage (2) · Numbers (2) · Reduplication (2) · Adjectives (1) · Word formation (1)
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