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JLPT N5 Grammar — 65 Topics & Common Mistakes

Every JLPT N5 topic below gives you the key rule, real correct-vs-incorrect examples, and the mistakes learners actually make — covering particles, verb conjugation, counters numbers and more.

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N5 / A1Verb conjugation

Polite 〜ます Form — All Four Polarity/Tense Cells

〜ます形(〜ます・〜ません・〜ました・〜ませんでした)

The masu-form is the polite form of a Japanese verb, the one you use with people you are not close to: strangers, teachers, colleagues, shop staff. It has four endings: 〜ます (non-past: habits, present states and the future), 〜ません (non-past negative), 〜ました (past) and 〜ませんでした (past negative), as in 行きます ('I go / I will go'), 行きません ('I don't go'), 行きました ('I went'), 行きませんでした ('I didn't go'). Each ending is added to the masu-stem, which depends on the verb's group: ichidan verbs (ru-verbs: most verbs ending in -iru or -eru) drop る (食べる → 食べます, 見る → 見ます); the two irregular verbs become します (する) and 来ます (来る, read きます); all other verbs are godan verbs (u-verbs), including a few that end in -iru or -eru such as 帰る, and change their last u-sound to the matching i-sound (書く → 書きます, 待つ → 待ちます, 帰る → 帰ります). Add か to ask a question: 明日、来ますか ('Are you coming tomorrow?').

Key rule

Add ます, ません, ました or ませんでした to the masu-stem: godan verbs change their last u-sound to i (書く → 書き, 待つ → 待ち, 帰る → 帰り), ichidan verbs drop る (食べる → 食べ), する becomes し and 来る becomes 来 (read き).

Examples

  • 毎日パンを食べます。
    毎日パンを食べるます。

    Mainichi pan o tabemasu. — I eat bread every day. | 食べる is an ichidan verb, so る is dropped before ます: 食べます. ます is never added to the dictionary form, so 食べるます is wrong.

  • コーヒーは飲みません。
    コーヒーは飲まません。

    Kōhī wa nomimasen. — I don't drink coffee. | 飲む is godan: む moves to the i-row み before ません. 飲ま- is the stem of the plain negative 飲まない and cannot take ません.

  • 昨日、映画を見ました。
    昨日、映画を見ます。

    Kinō, eiga o mimashita. — I watched a film yesterday. | 昨日 ('yesterday') needs the past form 見ました. 見ます is non-past (a habit or the future) and does not fit a past time word.

Common mistakes

  • Leaving -る in front of ます for ichidan verbs

    朝ごはんを食べるます。
    朝ごはんを食べます。

    Ichidan verbs drop る before ます: 食べる → 食べます, 見る → 見ます. ます is never added to the dictionary form.

  • Using the nai-form stem instead of the masu-stem for godan verbs

    手紙は書かません。
    手紙は書きません。

    ません follows the masu-stem, which ends in an i-row kana for godan verbs (書き-, 飲み-). The a-row form 書か- is the stem of the plain negative 書かない and cannot take ません.

N5 / A1Verb conjugation

Dictionary / Plain Non-Past Form

辞書形(じしょけい)

The dictionary form (辞書形) is the form a verb has in dictionaries and word lists: 食べる ('to eat'), 書く ('to write'), する ('to do'), 来る (くる, 'to come'). It always ends in a u-row kana (う, く, ぐ, す, つ, ぬ, ぶ, む, る) and is also the plain non-past form, so in casual speech 明日行く means 'I'll go tomorrow'. Polite sentences need it too, inside the sentence: before a noun it describes, when the action is not past (日本語を話す人, 'a person who speaks Japanese'; a past action takes the plain past: 昨日読んだ本, 'the book I read yesterday'), and before patterns such as 〜ことができる ('can'), 〜つもりです ('I plan to') and 〜前に ('before'), as in 寝る前に本を読みます ('I read before I go to bed'). In these positions the verb does not take ます, even when the sentence ends in ます. To get the dictionary form from the masu-form, godan verbs change the i-sound before ます back to a u-sound (書きます → 書く), ichidan verbs replace ます with る (食べます → 食べる), します becomes する and 来ます becomes 来る (くる).

Key rule

The dictionary form (食べる, 書く, する, 来る) always ends in a u-row kana and is the plain non-past form. Use it in casual speech and, even in polite sentences, before patterns such as 〜ことができる, 〜つもり and 〜前に (前に also in past sentences), and before a noun it describes when the action is not past (日本語を話す人; a past action takes the plain past: 昨日読んだ本).

Examples

  • 私の趣味は本を読むことです。
    私の趣味は本を読みますことです。

    Watashi no shumi wa hon o yomu koto desu. — My hobby is reading books. | こと turns 本を読む ('read books') into a noun, and the verb before it is in the dictionary form. The masu-form 読みます cannot come before こと.

  • 日本語を話す友だちがいます。
    日本語を話します友だちがいます。

    Nihongo o hanasu tomodachi ga imasu. — I have a friend who speaks Japanese. | 日本語を話す describes 友だち, and a verb that describes a noun comes right before it in the plain form. Only the final verb います is polite.

  • ピアノを弾くことができます。
    ピアノを弾きますことができます。

    Piano o hiku koto ga dekimasu. — I can play the piano. | 〜ことができる ('can') follows the dictionary form 弾く. The politeness goes on できます at the end.

Common mistakes

  • Using masu-form inside patterns that require plain form

    漢字を書きますことができます。
    漢字を書くことができます。

    〜ことができる, 〜つもりです and 〜前に follow the dictionary form, and 〜と思います follows a plain form. Only the final verb of the sentence (できます) is polite.

  • Using masu-form to modify a noun

    これは毎日使いますかばんです。
    これは毎日使うかばんです。

    A verb that describes a noun comes right before it in the plain form, even in a polite sentence: 毎日使うかばん ('the bag I use every day').

N5 / A1Verb conjugation

Verb Groups: Godan, Ichidan, Irregular

動詞のグループ(五段・一段・不規則)

Every Japanese verb belongs to one of three groups, and the group decides how it conjugates. Godan verbs (五段, also called u-verbs or group 1) end in any kana except る (書く, 飲む, 話す, 買う, 待つ), or in る after an a-, u- or o-sound (分かる, 作る, 乗る); their last sound changes, as in 書く → 書きます and 作る → 作ります. Ichidan verbs (一段, ru-verbs, group 2) end in る after an i- or e-sound (見る, 起きる, 食べる, 寝る) and simply drop る: 食べる → 食べます. The irregular verbs (group 3) are する ('to do'), together with every noun + する verb such as 勉強する, and 来る ('to come'). Watch out: some common verbs ending in -iru or -eru are godan, for example 帰る ('to go home'), 入る ('to enter'), 走る ('to run'), 切る ('to cut'), 知る ('to know') and 要る ('to need'), so 帰る → 帰ります, not 帰ます.

Key rule

Apart from the irregular する, 来る and noun + する verbs, verbs ending in any kana except る, or in an a-, u- or o-sound + る (分かる, 作る), are godan; verbs ending in an i- or e-sound + る (見る, 食べる) are usually ichidan, but 帰る, 入る, 走る, 切る, 知る, 要る and a few others are godan.

Examples

  • 食べる → 食べます
    食べる → 食べります

    Taberu → tabemasu — to eat (dictionary form → masu-form). | 食べる ends in an e-sound + る and is a regular ichidan verb, so る is simply dropped. Changing る to り (食べります) is the godan rule.

  • 作る → 作ります
    作る → 作ます

    Tsukuru → tsukurimasu — to make (dictionary form → masu-form). | 作る ends in a u-sound + る (つ + る), so it can only be godan: る moves to り. Only verbs with an i- or e-sound before る can be ichidan.

  • 帰る → 帰ります
    帰る → 帰ます

    Kaeru → kaerimasu — to go home (dictionary form → masu-form). | 帰る ends in an e-sound + る like an ichidan verb, but it is godan, so る becomes り: 帰ります. Dropping る (帰ます) is the ichidan rule.

Common mistakes

  • Classifying all -る verbs as ichidan

    毎晩、七時に家に帰ます。
    毎晩、七時に家に帰ります。

    帰る looks like an ichidan verb (an e-sound + る) but is godan, so る becomes り before ます. 入る, 走る, 切る, 知る and 要る work the same way.

  • Treating a verb with an a-, u- or o-sound before る as ichidan

    毎朝、電車に乗ます。
    毎朝、電車に乗ります。

    乗る has an o-sound before る (の + る), so it can only be godan: る becomes り. Only verbs with an i- or e-sound before る can be ichidan.

N5 / A1Verb conjugation

Te-form — Formation Rules (by Verb Group)

て形の作り方(動詞のグループ別)

The te-form (て形) is the verb form that ends in て or で. It has no tense of its own and links a verb to what follows: 起きて、顔を洗います ('I get up and wash my face'), 見てください ('please look'), 食べています ('I am eating'). Ichidan verbs drop る and add て: 食べる → 食べて, 見る → 見て. Godan verbs change according to their last kana: く → いて (書いて), ぐ → いで (泳いで), す → して (話して), む, ぬ and ぶ → んで (飲んで, 死んで, 遊んで), and う, つ and る → って (買って, 待って, 作って). The irregular verbs become して (する) and 来て (来る, read きて). The one everyday exception is 行く → 行って, not 行いて.

Key rule

Ichidan verbs drop る and add て (食べる → 食べて); godan verbs change by their last kana: く → いて, ぐ → いで, す → して, む, ぬ, ぶ → んで, and う, つ, る → って (書いて, 泳いで, 話して, 飲んで, 買って); する → して, 来る → 来て (read きて), and 行く → 行って is the one everyday exception.

Examples

  • 食べる → 食べて
    食べる → 食べって

    Taberu → tabete — to eat (dictionary form → te-form). | 食べる is ichidan: drop る and add て. Ichidan verbs never take a small っ, so 食べって is wrong.

  • 書く → 書いて
    書く → 書きて

    Kaku → kaite — to write (dictionary form → te-form). | Godan verbs ending in く change く to いて. 書きて wrongly adds て to the masu-stem 書き.

  • 泳ぐ → 泳いで
    泳ぐ → 泳いて

    Oyogu → oyoide — to swim (dictionary form → te-form). | Godan verbs ending in ぐ change ぐ to いで: the voiced ぐ gives a voiced で. 泳いて uses the く pattern.

Common mistakes

  • Adding て to the masu-stem of a godan verb

    コーヒーを飲みて、学校に行きます。
    コーヒーを飲んで、学校に行きます。

    Godan verbs form the te-form by changing their last kana, not by adding て to the masu-stem (飲み + て): む changes to んで, so 飲む → 飲んで. Only す-verbs end up looking like masu-stem + て (話して).

  • Forgetting to voice で after ぐ/む/ぬ/ぶ

    毎朝、プールで泳いて、会社に行きます。
    毎朝、プールで泳いで、会社に行きます。

    Verbs ending in ぐ, む, ぬ and ぶ take the voiced ending で: 泳いで, 飲んで, 死んで, 遊んで.

N5 / A1Verb conjugation

〜てください — Polite Request

〜てください(依頼)

〜てください means 'please do …'. Put ください after the te-form of a verb: 待つ → 待ってください ('please wait'), 書く → 書いてください ('please write'), 食べる → 食べてください ('please eat'), する → してください, 来る → 来てください (きてください). For 'please don't …', put でください after the nai-form (the plain negative): 食べないでください ('please don't eat'), 心配しないでください ('please don't worry'). After a noun and を, ください on its own means 'please give me': 水をください ('Water, please'). 〜てください is polite but direct. It is the normal way to give instructions and directions or to ask shop staff for something; for a favour from a teacher or a boss, the question 〜てくださいませんか ('would you please …?') sounds softer. With family and close friends the te-form alone is enough: 待って ('wait').

Key rule

Put ください after the te-form to ask someone to do something (待ってください, 書いてください, 来てください), and でください after the nai-form to ask them not to (食べないでください, not 食べなくてください).

Examples

  • ちょっと待ってください。
    ちょっと待ちてください。

    Chotto matte kudasai. — Please wait a moment. | 待つ is a godan verb ending in つ, so its te-form is 待って. 待ちて wrongly adds て to the masu-stem 待ち.

  • この本を読んでください。
    この本を読みてください。

    Kono hon o yonde kudasai. — Please read this book. | 読む ends in む, so its te-form is 読んで, with で. 読みて wrongly adds て to the masu-stem 読み.

  • 名前を書いてください。
    名前を書きますください。

    Namae o kaite kudasai. — Please write your name. | ください follows the te-form 書いて. It cannot follow the masu-form, so 書きますください is wrong.

Common mistakes

  • Using なくて instead of ないで for 'please don't'

    教室で食べなくてください。
    教室で食べないでください。

    'Please don't' is always the nai-form + でください: 食べないでください. 〜なくて links clauses ('not …, and so') and never comes before ください.

  • Attaching ください to the masu-form

    もう一度言いますください。
    もう一度言ってください。

    ください follows the te-form: 言う → 言って → 言ってください. The masu-form 言います cannot take ください.

N5 / A2Verb conjugation

〜てから — After Doing

〜てから(動作の順序)

〜てから means 'after doing …' and stresses the order: the first action is finished, and then the second one starts. Put から after the te-form of a verb: 食べる → 食べてから, 帰る → 帰ってから, する → してから. 朝ごはんを食べてから、学校に行きます means 'I go to school after eating breakfast.' The te-form does not change for tense; the verb at the end of the sentence shows it: 宿題をしてから、寝ました ('I went to bed after doing my homework'). Do not mix it up with から after other verb forms, which means 'because': 食べるから, 食べたから and 食べますから all give a reason.

Key rule

Te-form + から means 'after doing …' and stresses the order (食べてから, 帰ってから, してから). Keep the te-form even in the past (宿題をしてから、寝ました), because から after any other form (したから, するから, しますから) means 'because'.

Examples

  • 朝ごはんを食べてから、学校に行きます。
    朝ごはんを食べるから、学校に行きます。 (intended: I go to school after eating breakfast.)

    Asagohan o tabete kara, gakkō ni ikimasu. — I go to school after eating breakfast. | 'After' is the te-form 食べて + から. 食べるから gives a reason instead: 'I go to school because I eat breakfast.'

  • 宿題をしてから、寝ました。
    宿題をしたから、寝ました。 (intended: I went to bed after doing my homework.)

    Shukudai o shite kara, nemashita. — I went to bed after doing my homework. | The te-form stays even in a past sentence; 寝ました shows the past. したから means 'because I did', so 宿題をしたから、寝ました says you went to bed because you did your homework.

  • 手を洗ってから、食事をしてください。
    手を洗いてから、食事をしてください。

    Te o aratte kara, shokuji o shite kudasai. — Please wash your hands before you eat. | 洗う ends in う, so its te-form is 洗って. 洗いて wrongly adds て to the masu-stem 洗い.

Common mistakes

  • Using the past (ta-form) + から for 'after'

    宿題をしたから、テレビを見ました。 (intended: After doing my homework, I watched TV.)
    宿題をしてから、テレビを見ました。

    Even in a past sentence, the first verb stays in the te-form: してから. したから means 'because I did', so the sentence says you watched TV because you did your homework.

  • Using the masu-form before から

    ごはんを食べますから、出かけます。 (intended: I'll go out after eating.)
    ごはんを食べてから、出かけます。

    'After' needs the te-form: 食べてから. 食べますから gives a reason: 'I'll go out because I'm going to eat.'

N5 / A1Verb conjugation

〜たい — Wanting to Do

〜たい形(願望)

〜たい means 'want to (do)'. Add たい to the masu-stem, the part before ます: 行きます → 行きたい ('want to go'), 食べます → 食べたい ('want to eat'), します → したい ('want to do'), 来ます → 来たい (きたい, 'want to come'). The result conjugates like an i-adjective such as 高い: 行きたくない ('don't want to go'), 行きたかった ('wanted to go'), 行きたくなかった ('didn't want to go'); add です to be polite: 日本に行きたいです ('I want to go to Japan'). The object can take を or が: 水を飲みたいです and 水が飲みたいです both mean 'I want to drink some water'. Use 〜たい for your own wishes and to ask about the listener's (何が食べたいですか, 'What do you want to eat?'). For someone else's wish, say 〜たがっています or 〜たいと言っています: 弟はゲームをしたがっています ('My little brother wants to play games').

Key rule

Masu-stem + たい means 'want to (do)' (行きたい, 食べたい, したい, 来たい read きたい) and conjugates like an i-adjective: 行きたくない, 行きたかった, 行きたくなかった, plus です when polite. Use it for your own wishes and to ask about the listener's; for someone else's wish, say 〜たがっています or 〜たいと言っています.

Examples

  • 日本に行きたいです。
    日本に行くたいです。

    Nihon ni ikitai desu. — I want to go to Japan. | たい follows the masu-stem 行き (from 行きます). 行くたい wrongly adds たい to the dictionary form.

  • 水が飲みたいです。

    Mizu ga nomitai desu. — I want to drink some water. | With 〜たい the object can take が or を: 水が飲みたいです and 水を飲みたいです are both correct.

  • 昨日、映画を見たかったです。
    昨日、映画を見たいでした。

    Kinō, eiga o mitakatta desu. — I wanted to see a film yesterday. | 〜たい conjugates like an i-adjective, so its past is 見たかった + です. でした cannot follow たい.

Common mistakes

  • Adding たい to the dictionary form

    コーヒーが飲むたいです。
    コーヒーが飲みたいです。

    たい follows the masu-stem: 飲みます → 飲みたい, 食べます → 食べたい. It never follows the dictionary form.

  • Using でした after たい for the past

    昨日は早く帰りたいでした。
    昨日は早く帰りたかったです。

    〜たい conjugates like an i-adjective, so its past is 〜たかった; add です to be polite: 帰りたかったです.

N5 / A1Verb conjugation

〜ましょう / 〜ましょうか — Let's / Shall I/we

〜ましょう・〜ましょうか(勧誘・申し出)

〜ましょう means 'let's (do)'. Add ましょう to the masu-stem, the part before ます: 行きます → 行きましょう ('let's go'), 食べます → 食べましょう ('let's eat'), します → しましょう ('let's do it'). With か, 〜ましょうか asks the other person, and it has two uses: (1) 'shall we?', a suggestion to do something together: 少し休みましょうか ('Shall we take a short break?'); (2) 'shall I?', an offer to do something for them: 手伝いましょうか ('Shall I help?'). The situation shows which one is meant: if both people would take part, it is a suggestion; if you would do it alone for the other person, it is an offer. With a question word, it asks the other person to help decide: どこで会いましょうか ('Where shall we meet?'). Accept an offer with はい、お願いします ('Yes, please') and decline it with いいえ、大丈夫です ('No, I'm fine, thanks').

Key rule

Masu-stem + ましょう means 'let's' (行きましょう, 食べましょう, しましょう). Masu-stem + ましょうか means 'shall we?' when both people would take part (映画を見ましょうか) and 'shall I?' when you offer to do something for the listener (手伝いましょうか).

Examples

  • 一緒に昼ごはんを食べましょう。
    一緒に昼ごはんを食べるましょう。

    Issho ni hirugohan o tabemashō. — Let's have lunch together. | ましょう follows the masu-stem 食べ (from 食べます). 食べるましょう wrongly adds it to the dictionary form.

  • そろそろ帰りましょう。
    そろそろ帰ましょう。

    Sorosoro kaerimashō. — Let's start heading home. | 帰る looks like an ichidan verb but is godan, so its masu-stem is 帰り: 帰りましょう. 帰ましょう treats it as ichidan.

  • 映画を見ましょうか。
    映画を見るましょうか。

    Eiga o mimashō ka. — Shall we watch a film? | Both people would watch, so 〜ましょうか is a suggestion ('shall we?'). The ending follows the masu-stem 見; 見るましょうか uses the dictionary form.

Common mistakes

  • Adding ましょう to the dictionary form

    公園に行くましょう。
    公園に行きましょう。

    ましょう follows the masu-stem, the masu-form without ます: 行きます → 行きましょう, 食べます → 食べましょう.

  • Offering help with 〜ますか instead of 〜ましょうか

    窓を閉めますか。 (intended: Shall I close the window?)
    窓を閉めましょうか。

    窓を閉めますか asks whether the listener is going to close the window. To offer to do it yourself, use 〜ましょうか.

N5 / A1Verb conjugation

〜ませんか — Invitation / Suggestion

〜ませんか(勧誘)

〜ませんか ('won't you …?', 'would you like to …?') is the standard polite way to invite someone. Add ませんか to the masu-stem, the part before ます: 飲みます → 飲みませんか, 見ます → 見ませんか, します → しませんか, 来ます → 来ませんか (きませんか). In form it is a negative question, but it works as an invitation: 一緒にお茶を飲みませんか ('Would you like to have some tea with me?'). Because it asks what the other person wants, it leaves them free to say no, so it is the usual choice for a first invitation with anyone you speak politely to, teachers included. Accept with いいですね ('Sounds good') or ええ、ぜひ ('I'd love to'), often adding 〜ましょう (いいですね。行きましょう); decline gently with すみません、その日はちょっと…… ('Sorry, that day is a bit …').

Key rule

Masu-stem + ませんか invites someone politely ('Would you like to …?'): 一緒に飲みませんか, 映画を見ませんか, パーティーに来ませんか (きませんか). It asks what the listener wants, so it suits a first invitation; to offer to do something yourself, use 〜ましょうか instead.

Examples

  • 一緒にお茶を飲みませんか。
    一緒にお茶を飲むませんか。

    Issho ni ocha o nomimasen ka. — Would you like to have some tea with me? | ませんか follows the masu-stem 飲み (from 飲みます). 飲むませんか wrongly adds it to the dictionary form.

  • 週末、映画を見ませんか。
    週末、映画を見るませんか。

    Shūmatsu, eiga o mimasen ka. — How about seeing a film this weekend? | 見る is ichidan, so its masu-stem is 見: 見ませんか. 見るませんか keeps the る of the dictionary form.

  • 「一緒に勉強しませんか。」「はい、しましょう。」
    「一緒に勉強するませんか。」「はい、しましょう。」

    "Issho ni benkyō shimasen ka." / "Hai, shimashō." — "Would you like to study together?" / "Yes, let's." | する becomes し before ませんか: 勉強しませんか. The reply accepts with 〜ましょう, which confirms the plan.

Common mistakes

  • Adding ませんか to the dictionary form

    日曜日に海に行くませんか。
    日曜日に海に行きませんか。

    ませんか follows the masu-stem, the masu-form without ます: 行きます → 行きませんか, 食べます → 食べませんか.

  • Inviting with 〜たいですか

    今晩、一緒に映画を見たいですか。 (intended: Would you like to see a film with me tonight?)
    今晩、一緒に映画を見ませんか。

    見たいですか asks directly about the listener's wishes ('Do you want to see a film?') and sounds blunt as an invitation. Japanese invites with 〜ませんか.

N5 / A1Verb usage

です Copula — All Four Cells

「です」の活用(です・ではありません・でした・ではありませんでした)

です is the polite copula, the word for 'is', 'am' or 'are' at the end of a sentence. It follows a noun or a na-adjective: 私は学生です ('I am a student'), この町は静かです ('This town is quiet'). It has four polite forms: です ('is'), ではありません ('is not'), でした ('was') and ではありませんでした ('was not'). In conversation the negatives are often じゃありません or じゃないです, and じゃありませんでした or じゃなかったです. To ask a question, add か: 学生ですか ('Are you a student?'). After an i-adjective, です only adds politeness, because the adjective itself shows negative and past: 寒くないです, 寒かったです (not 寒いでした). Two more rules: です never comes straight after だ, the plain (casual) form of the copula (学生です, not 学生だです), and it is not added to the dictionary form of a verb to make it polite, because verbs have their own polite form 〜ます (食べます, not 食べるです).

Key rule

After a noun or a na-adjective, です has four polite forms: です, ではありません (in conversation also じゃないです), でした and ではありませんでした (also じゃなかったです). After an i-adjective, the adjective itself changes and です only adds politeness: 寒くないです, 寒かったです (not 寒いでした).

Examples

  • 私は学生です。
    私は学生だです。

    Watashi wa gakusei desu. — I am a student. | です after a noun means 'am', 'is' or 'are'. だ is the plain form of the same word, so 学生だです says 'am' twice.

  • 田中さんは学生ではありません。
    田中さんは学生ないです。

    Tanaka-san wa gakusei de wa arimasen. — Tanaka is not a student. | A noun is negated through the copula: 学生ではありません, or 学生じゃないです in conversation. ない cannot be added straight to a noun.

  • 昨日は休みでした。
    昨日は休みです。

    Kinō wa yasumi deshita. — Yesterday was a day off. | 昨日 ('yesterday') needs the past form でした. です is present, so it does not fit a sentence about yesterday.

Common mistakes

  • Stacking だ and です

    この町は静かだです。
    この町は静かです。

    だ (plain) and です (polite) are two forms of the same copula, so they are never stacked: 静かです in polite speech, 静かだ in plain speech.

  • Negating a noun with ない directly

    あの人は先生ないです。
    あの人は先生ではありません。

    A noun is negated through the copula: 先生ではありません, or 先生じゃないです in conversation. The negative ending ない belongs to verbs and i-adjectives, not to nouns.

N5 / A1Verb usage

あります / います — Existence (Inanimate vs Animate)

あります・います(存在)

Japanese has two verbs for 'there is' and 'have', and the choice depends on what exists. あります is for things that are not alive or do not move by themselves: objects, plants, buildings, money, time and events (机の上に本があります, 'There is a book on the desk'). います is for people and animals (公園に犬がいます, 'There is a dog in the park'). The place where something is takes に, and the thing that exists takes が when you mention it for the first time; the place where an event happens takes で (公園でお祭りがあります, 'There is a festival in the park'). To say where something already mentioned is, start with it and は: 本は机の上にあります ('The book is on the desk'). Both verbs also mean 'have': 私は車があります ('I have a car'), 私は兄がいます ('I have an older brother'). The other polite forms are ありません, ありました, ありませんでした and いません, いました, いませんでした. Plants and parked cars take あります; fish and insects take います.

Key rule

あります is for things, plants and events; います is for people and animals. Mark the place with に and a newly mentioned thing with が (机の上に本があります, 公園に犬がいます), but the place where an event happens with で (公園でお祭りがあります).

Examples

  • 机の上に本があります。
    机の上に本がいます。

    Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu. — There is a book on the desk. | 本 ('book') is a thing, so it takes あります. います is for people and animals.

  • 教室に学生がいます。
    教室に学生があります。

    Kyōshitsu ni gakusei ga imasu. — There are students in the classroom. | Students are people, so the verb is います. あります is for things.

  • 公園に犬がいます。
    公園に犬があります。

    Kōen ni inu ga imasu. — There is a dog in the park. | Animals move by themselves, so like people they take います.

Common mistakes

  • Using あります for animate beings

    部屋にねこがあります。
    部屋にねこがいます。

    People and animals take います. あります is for things, plants and events.

  • Using います for inanimate objects

    机の上に本がいます。
    机の上に本があります。

    Things take あります; います is for people and animals.

N5 / B1Verb usage

〜ています — Ongoing Action / Current State

〜ています(進行・状態)

〜ています is the te-form of a verb plus います: 読む → 読んで → 読んでいます. Its other polite forms are 〜ていません, 〜ていました ('was … -ing') and 〜ていませんでした. What it means depends on the verb. With verbs for actions that take time, such as 読む ('read'), 食べる ('eat') and 降る ('fall', of rain), it means the action is going on now: 今、本を読んでいます ('I'm reading a book now'), 雨が降っています ('It's raining'). With verbs for a change, such as 結婚する ('get married'), 知る ('get to know'), 来る ('come') and 開く ('open'), it describes the state after the change: 姉は結婚しています ('My sister is married', not 'is getting married'), 窓が開いています ('The window is open'). It also describes a habit, a job or where someone lives: 銀行で働いています ('I work at a bank'), 東京に住んでいます ('I live in Tokyo'). One exception to learn at once: 知っています means 'I know', but 'I don't know' is 知りません.

Key rule

〜ています is the te-form + います. With action verbs it means 'is doing now' (読んでいます, 'is reading'); with verbs of change, including 行く and 来る, it describes the state after the change (結婚しています, 'is married'; 行っています, 'has gone and is there'); it also describes habits, jobs and where someone lives (銀行で働いています). 知っています ('I know') has the negative 知りません.

Examples

  • 今、本を読んでいます。
    今、本を読みています。

    Ima, hon o yonde imasu. — I'm reading a book right now. | います follows the te-form 読んで. The masu-stem 読み cannot take ています.

  • 私は東京に住んでいます。
    私は東京に住みます。 (intended: I live in Tokyo.)

    Watashi wa Tōkyō ni sunde imasu. — I live in Tokyo. | Where you live now is always 住んでいます. 東京に住みます means 'I will live in Tokyo', for example after a move.

  • 姉は結婚しています。
    姉は結婚します。 (intended: My sister is married.)

    Ane wa kekkon shite imasu. — My older sister is married. | With 結婚する ('get married'), 〜ています describes the state after the wedding. 姉は結婚します means 'My sister is going to get married'.

Common mistakes

  • Adding ています to the masu-stem

    今、手紙を書きています。
    今、手紙を書いています。

    〜ています follows the te-form: 書く → 書いて → 書いています. The masu-stem 書き cannot take ています.

  • Saying 知っていません for 'I don't know'

    いいえ、知っていません。
    いいえ、知りません。

    知っています ('I know') is an exception: its negative is 知りません, without ている.

N5 / A2Verb usage

わかります — Stative / Experiencer Use with が

わかります(状態動詞・「が」を取る)

わかります (dictionary form わかる, also written 分かる) means 'understand', 'know' or 'can tell'. The thing that is understood takes が, not を, and the person who understands usually takes は: 私は日本語がわかります ('I understand Japanese'), この漢字がわかりません ('I don't understand this kanji'). わかる is a godan verb: わかります, わかりません, わかりました, わかりませんでした. わかりました ('I see', 'Understood', 'Certainly') is the usual reply when someone explains something to you or asks you to do something. わかる already includes 'can', so it has no potential form: 'I can understand' is simply わかります. Do not mix it up with 知る ('know' a person or a fact), which takes を: 田中さんを知っています ('I know Tanaka'). The same が pattern is used with できる ('can do'), 好き ('like'), 上手 ('good at') and ほしい ('want'): ピアノができます ('I can play the piano').

Key rule

Mark what is understood with が, not を, and the person usually with は: 私は日本語がわかります. わかりました is the reply 'Understood'. To say you know a person, use 知っています with を (田中さんを知っています; negative 知りません).

Examples

  • 私は日本語がわかります。
    私は日本語をわかります。

    Watashi wa Nihongo ga wakarimasu. — I understand Japanese. | わかる marks the thing understood with が. 日本語をわかります is heard in casual speech, but standard Japanese uses が.

  • この漢字がわかりません。
    この漢字をわかりません。

    Kono kanji ga wakarimasen. — I don't understand this kanji. | The negative わかりません keeps the same pattern: the thing not understood takes が. を with わかる is heard in casual speech, but standard Japanese uses が.

  • はい、わかりました。
    はい、わかっています。 (intended: Yes, understood.)

    Hai, wakarimashita. — Yes, understood. | わかりました is the usual way to acknowledge an explanation or an instruction. わかっています means 'Yes, I already know that' and can sound impatient.

Common mistakes

  • Using を with わかる

    英語をわかります。
    英語がわかります。

    わかる marks the thing understood with が. 〜をわかる is heard in casual speech, but standard Japanese uses が.

  • Using が with 知る

    田中さんの電話番号が知っていますか。
    田中さんの電話番号を知っていますか。

    知る ('know') is an ordinary verb, so what you know takes を. The が pattern belongs to わかる and similar words such as できる, 好き and ほしい, not to 知る.

N5 / A1Verb usage

行きます / 来ます / 帰ります — Motion Verbs

行く・来る・帰る(移動動詞)

行く ('go'), 来る ('come') and 帰る ('go home', 'come home') are the basic verbs of movement; their polite forms are 行きます, 来ます (read きます) and 帰ります. Japanese chooses between 'go' and 'come' by where the speaker is: 来る is movement toward the place where the speaker is (or will be), and 行く is movement anywhere else. So when you visit someone, you say 行きます even where English says 'come': 明日、そちらに行きます ('I'll come to your place tomorrow'). 帰る is movement back to where you belong: your home, your hometown or your country (六時に家に帰ります, 'I go home at six'). The destination takes に or へ (東京に行きます), the means of transport takes で (バスで行きます), and the person you go with takes と (友だちと行きます). Forms to watch: the te-form of 行く is 行って; 来る is irregular, and the reading of its kanji changes (来る くる, 来ます きます, 来ない こない); 帰る is a godan verb (帰ります, 帰って), even though it ends in -eru.

Key rule

来る (来ます, read きます) is movement toward where the speaker is or will be; 行く (行きます) is movement anywhere else, including to the listener (明日、そちらに行きます); 帰る (帰ります) is going back home or to your own country. The destination takes に or へ and the means of transport で; the te-form of 行く is 行って, and 帰る is godan (帰って).

Examples

  • 明日、学校に行きます。
    明日、学校を行きます。

    Ashita, gakkō ni ikimasu. — I'm going to school tomorrow. | The destination of 行く takes に (or へ). を does not mark where you are going.

  • 友だちが私のうちに来ました。

    Tomodachi ga watashi no uchi ni kimashita. — A friend came to my house. | The friend moved toward the speaker's home, so the verb is 来る (来ました, read きました).

  • 今日は六時に家に帰ります。
    今日は六時に家に行きます。 (intended: Today I'm going home at six.)

    Kyō wa rokuji ni ie ni kaerimasu. — Today I'm going home at six. | Going back to your own home is 帰る. 家に行きます sounds as if you are visiting a house that is not yours.

Common mistakes

  • Using 来る for motion toward the listener

    来週、そちらの会社に来ます。
    来週、そちらの会社に行きます。

    来る is for movement toward where the speaker is or will be. Going to the listener's place is 行く, even where English says 'come'.

  • Using 行く for going home

    仕事のあと、まっすぐ家に行きます。 (intended: After work, I go straight home.)
    仕事のあと、まっすぐ家に帰ります。

    Going back to your own home is 帰る. 家に行きます sounds as if you are visiting someone else's house.

N5 / A1Verb usage

〜がほしい — Wanting a Thing

〜がほしい(物が欲しい)

ほしい means 'want' when you want a thing. The thing you want takes が, and the person usually takes は: 私は新しい車がほしいです ('I want a new car'), 何がほしいですか ('What do you want?'). ほしい is an i-adjective, so it changes its own ending: ほしいです, ほしくないです ('don't want'), ほしかったです ('wanted'), ほしくなかったです ('didn't want'); not ほしいでした. がほしい follows a noun; to say you want to do something, use the masu-stem + たい instead (水が飲みたいです, 'I want to drink some water'). Use ほしい for your own wishes and in questions to the listener. For someone else, say 弟は自転車をほしがっています ('My brother wants a bike') or 弟は自転車がほしいと言っています ('My brother says he wants a bike'). ほしい states a wish and is not a request: to ask for something, say 水をください or 水をお願いします.

Key rule

The thing you want takes が (新しい車がほしいです), and ほしい conjugates as an i-adjective (ほしくないです, ほしかったです; not ほしいでした). Use it for your own wishes and to ask about the listener's (何がほしいですか); for someone else's wish, say 〜をほしがっています or 〜がほしいと言っています, and to want to do something, use 〜たい (水が飲みたいです).

Examples

  • 新しいパソコンがほしいです。
    新しいパソコンをほしいです。

    Atarashii pasokon ga hoshii desu. — I want a new computer. | The thing you want takes が. 〜をほしい is heard in casual speech, but standard Japanese uses が.

  • 子どものとき、犬がほしかったです。
    子どものとき、犬がほしいでした。

    Kodomo no toki, inu ga hoshikatta desu. — When I was a child, I wanted a dog. | ほしい is an i-adjective, so the past is in the adjective itself: ほしかったです. です never becomes でした after it.

  • 今は甘いものはほしくないです。
    今は甘いものはほしいじゃないです。

    Ima wa amai mono wa hoshikunai desu. — I don't want anything sweet right now. | The negative of an i-adjective drops い and adds くない: ほしくない. じゃない is for nouns and na-adjectives.

Common mistakes

  • Using を with ほしい

    新しい車をほしいです。
    新しい車がほしいです。

    The thing you want takes が. 〜をほしい is heard in casual speech, but standard Japanese uses が.

  • Adding でした after ほしい

    子どものころ、ゲームがほしいでした。
    子どものころ、ゲームがほしかったです。

    ほしい is an i-adjective, so its past is ほしかった; です after it only adds politeness and never becomes でした.

N5 / A1Adjectives

i-Adjective — All Four Polarity/Tense Cells

い形容詞の活用(大きい・大きくない・大きかった・大きくなかった)

Japanese has two kinds of adjectives: i-adjectives and na-adjectives. i-adjectives end in い, like 大きい ('big'), 寒い ('cold'), 新しい ('new') and おいしい ('tasty'), and they change their own ending to show negative and past: drop the final い and add the new ending. The four plain forms of 大きい are 大きい ('is big'), 大きくない ('isn't big'), 大きかった ('was big') and 大きくなかった ('wasn't big'). For polite speech, add です to any of them (大きいです, 大きくないです, 大きかったです, 大きくなかったです); the negatives also have more formal versions, 大きくありません and 大きくありませんでした. です here only adds politeness, so it never turns into でした or じゃないです: 昨日は寒かったです ('It was cold yesterday'), not 寒いでした. Two traps: いい ('good') builds its other forms on よい (よくない, よかった), and きれい ('pretty, clean') and 嫌い ('disliked') end in い but are na-adjectives (きれいじゃないです).

Key rule

Drop the final い and add くない (negative), かった (past) or くなかった (past negative): 高い → 高くない, 高かった, 高くなかった; for polite speech add です, which itself never shows past or negative (高かったです, not 高いでした). いい builds these forms on よい (よくない, よかった), and きれい and 嫌い are na-adjectives.

Examples

  • この部屋は大きいです。

    Kono heya wa ōkii desu. — This room is big. | The dictionary form 大きい can end a sentence by itself; です after it only makes the sentence polite.

  • 今日は寒くないです。
    今日は寒いじゃないです。

    Kyō wa samukunai desu. — It isn't cold today. | An i-adjective makes its own negative: drop い and add くない. じゃない is the negative of nouns and na-adjectives, so 寒いじゃないです is wrong.

  • 昨日は忙しかったです。
    昨日は忙しいでした。

    Kinō wa isogashikatta desu. — I was busy yesterday. | The past is built into the adjective (忙しい → 忙しかった) and です stays です. 忙しいでした puts the past on です, which never happens after an i-adjective.

Common mistakes

  • Adding でした after an i-adjective

    昨日はとても寒いでした。
    昨日はとても寒かったです。

    An i-adjective shows the past itself (寒い → 寒かった). です after it only adds politeness and never becomes でした.

  • Negating with じゃない

    この映画は面白いじゃないです。
    この映画は面白くないです。

    じゃない (ではない) is the negative of nouns and na-adjectives. An i-adjective makes its own negative: drop い and add くない.

N5 / A1Adjectives

na-Adjective Predicate — All Four Cells

な形容詞の活用(静かです・静かじゃないです・静かでした・静かじゃなかったです)

na-adjectives such as 静か ('quiet'), 元気 ('well, lively'), 有名 ('famous'), 便利 ('convenient'), 親切 ('kind') and きれい ('pretty, clean') never change their own form. Like nouns, they are followed by the copula, the linking word です (polite) or だ (plain) meaning 'is', and it is the copula that shows negative and past. The polite forms of 静か are 静かです ('is quiet'), 静かじゃないです ('isn't quiet'), 静かでした ('was quiet') and 静かじゃなかったです ('wasn't quiet'); the more formal negatives are 静かではありません and 静かではありませんでした. The plain forms are 静かだ, 静かじゃない, 静かだった and 静かじゃなかった. The な that gives these adjectives their name is used before a noun (静かな部屋, 'a quiet room'), but never directly before です: say この部屋は静かです, not 静かなです. Never use the i-adjective endings くない or かった with them, and note that きれい and 嫌い ('disliked') end in い but are na-adjectives: きれいじゃないです, きれいでした.

Key rule

A na-adjective conjugates like a noun, through the copula: 静かです, 静かじゃないです (ではありません), 静かでした, 静かじゃなかったです (ではありませんでした). Never add い, くない or かった, and use な before a noun (静かな部屋) but not before です (not 静かなです); きれい and 嫌い belong to this group.

Examples

  • この部屋は静かです。
    この部屋は静かいです。

    Kono heya wa shizuka desu. — This room is quiet. | 静か is a na-adjective, so です follows the stem directly. There is no い to add: 静かいです is wrong.

  • 昨日は暇じゃなかったです。
    昨日は暇じゃないでした。

    Kinō wa hima ja nakatta desu. — I wasn't free yesterday. | The past negative is じゃなかった plus です (or ではありませんでした). じゃない cannot take でした.

  • この町はとても有名です。
    この町はとても有名なです。

    Kono machi wa totemo yūmei desu. — This town is very famous. | At the end of a sentence, 有名 takes です directly. な is used before a noun (有名な町), not before です.

Common mistakes

  • Treating きれい or 嫌い as i-adjectives

    この川はきれくないです。
    この川はきれいじゃないです。

    きれい and 嫌い end in い, but they are na-adjectives and the い belongs to the word. They use じゃない and でした: きれいじゃないです, 嫌いでした.

  • Using i-adjective endings with a na-adjective

    前のアパートは便利かったです。
    前のアパートは便利でした。

    かった and くない are i-adjective endings. A na-adjective shows past and negative with the copula: 便利でした, 便利じゃないです.

N5 / A1Adjectives

i-Adjective Modifying a Noun

い形容詞+名詞(大きい家)

To describe a noun with an i-adjective, put the adjective in its plain form directly in front of the noun, with nothing in between: 大きい家 ('a big house'), 新しい車 ('a new car'), おいしいケーキ ('tasty cake'). Unlike na-adjectives, i-adjectives take no な, and there is no の and no です between the adjective and the noun (not 大きいの家, 新しいな車 or おいしいですケーキ). 大きい and 小さい also have special forms used only before a noun, 大きな and 小さな, so 大きな家 is correct too. The other plain forms can stand before a noun too: 高くないかばん ('a bag that isn't expensive'). The natural way to use two i-adjectives is to change the first one to its くて form: 安くておいしい店 ('a cheap, tasty restaurant'). いい stays いい before a noun (いい天気, 'nice weather'), but its negative is よくない (よくない店, 'a shop that isn't good'). Watch out for きれい ('pretty') and 嫌い ('disliked'): they end in い but are na-adjectives, so they take な (きれいな花).

Key rule

Put the i-adjective's plain form straight before the noun, with no な, の or です in between (大きい家, 高くないかばん); to join two i-adjectives, change the final い of the first to くて (安くておいしい店; いい becomes よくて). きれい and 嫌い are na-adjectives and take な (きれいな花).

Examples

  • 大きい家に住んでいます。
    大きいの家に住んでいます。

    Ōkii ie ni sunde imasu. — I live in a big house. | An i-adjective goes straight before the noun. の links two nouns (母の家), not an adjective and a noun.

  • 新しい車を買いました。
    新しいな車を買いました。

    Atarashii kuruma o kaimashita. — I bought a new car. | な is only for na-adjectives (静かな車). An i-adjective such as 新しい needs nothing before the noun.

  • おいしいケーキが食べたいです。
    おいしいですケーキが食べたいです。

    Oishii kēki ga tabetai desu. — I want to eat some tasty cake. | Only the plain form goes before a noun. です belongs at the end of the sentence, not between the adjective and the noun.

Common mistakes

  • Inserting の between i-adjective and noun

    大きいの家がほしいです。
    大きい家がほしいです。

    Nothing comes between an i-adjective and its noun. の links two nouns (母の家), and 大きいの on its own means 'the big one'.

  • Using な like a na-adjective

    新しいな車を買いました。
    新しい車を買いました。

    な is only for na-adjectives (静かな部屋). An i-adjective goes straight before the noun.

N5 / A1Adjectives

na-Adjective Modifying a Noun

な形容詞+名詞(静かな部屋)

To describe a noun with a na-adjective, put な between the adjective and the noun: 静かな部屋 ('a quiet room'), きれいな花 ('pretty flowers'), 便利な店 ('a convenient shop'), 好きな食べ物 ('favourite food'). This な is where the name 'na-adjective' comes from. At the end of a sentence there is no な: です (or だ) follows the adjective directly, as in この部屋は静かです ('This room is quiet'), not 静かなです. Negative and past forms take no な before a noun either: 静かじゃない部屋 ('a room that isn't quiet'). Do not mix up な and の: a noun describes another noun with の (日本の歌手, 'a Japanese singer'), a na-adjective with な (有名な歌手, 'a famous singer'), and an i-adjective needs neither (若い歌手, 'a young singer'). Watch きれい and 嫌い ('disliked'), which end in い but still take な: きれいな花, 嫌いな食べ物.

Key rule

Put な between a na-adjective and the noun it describes (静かな部屋, きれいな花); nouns use の instead (日本の文化). There is no な at the end of a sentence (この部屋は静かです) or in negative and past forms before a noun (静かじゃない部屋).

Examples

  • 静かな部屋が好きです。
    静か部屋が好きです。

    Shizuka na heya ga suki desu. — I like quiet rooms. | Before a noun, a na-adjective needs な: 静かな部屋. Without な the adjective is not linked to the noun.

  • きれいな花をもらいました。
    きれい花をもらいました。

    Kirei na hana o moraimashita. — I was given some pretty flowers. | きれい ends in い, but it is a na-adjective, so it takes な before 花.

  • これは便利な道具です。
    これは便利の道具です。

    Kore wa benri na dōgu desu. — This is a handy tool. | 便利 is a na-adjective and links to a noun with な. の is for nouns (父の道具).

Common mistakes

  • Omitting な

    元気子どもが公園で遊んでいます。
    元気な子どもが公園で遊んでいます。

    Before a noun, a na-adjective needs な: 元気な子ども.

  • Using の with na-adjectives

    駅の近くに便利の店があります。
    駅の近くに便利な店があります。

    の links two nouns (日本の文化). A na-adjective links to a noun with な: 便利な店.

N5 / A1Adjectives

いい / よい — Irregular Conjugation

「いい」の不規則活用

いい ('good') is the one irregular i-adjective. Its dictionary form has two versions, いい (everyday speech) and よい (writing and more formal speech), but every other form is built on よい, as if it were a regular i-adjective: よくない ('isn't good'), よかった ('was good'), よくなかった ('wasn't good'). Forms like いくない and いかった do not exist. Polite speech adds です as usual: いいです, よくないです, よかったです, よくなかったです. The adverb is よく ('well, often, a lot'): よく寝ました ('I slept well'). Adjectives that end in the word いい follow the same rule, for example かっこいい ('cool') → かっこよかった and 気持ちいい ('pleasant, feels good') → 気持ちよくない, but かわいい ('cute') is a regular i-adjective: かわいくない, かわいかった.

Key rule

Only the dictionary form can be いい (or よい); every other form is built on よい: よくない, よかった, よくなかった, and the adverb よく. Adjectives that end in the word いい work the same way (かっこいい → かっこよかった), but かわいい ('cute') is regular: かわいくない, かわいかった.

Examples

  • 今日は天気がよくないです。
    今日は天気がいくないです。

    Kyō wa tenki ga yokunai desu. — The weather isn't good today. | Every form of いい except the dictionary form is built on よい, so the negative is よくない. いくない does not exist.

  • このホテルはあまりよくありません。
    このホテルはあまりいくありません。

    Kono hoteru wa amari yoku arimasen. — This hotel isn't very good. | The more formal negative is built on よい too: よくありません.

  • 昨日は天気がよかったです。
    昨日は天気がいかったです。

    Kinō wa tenki ga yokatta desu. — The weather was good yesterday. | The past of いい is よかった. いかった is a very common mistake.

Common mistakes

  • Conjugating with い-stem instead of よ-stem

    テストの点はいかったです。
    テストの点はよかったです。

    Every form of いい except the dictionary form is built on よい: よくない, よかった, よくなかった, よく.

  • Building the negative of いい on い

    この店のサービスはいくないです。
    この店のサービスはよくないです。

    The negative of いい is よくない (polite よくないです or よくありません). いくない does not exist.

N5 / A2Adjectives

好き / 嫌い / 上手 / 下手 — Preference & Ability Predicates

好き・嫌い・上手・下手(音楽が好きです)

好き ('liked'), 嫌い ('disliked'), 上手 ('skilful, good at') and 下手 ('unskilful, bad at') are na-adjectives where English uses a verb or 'be good at'. The person is usually marked with は and the thing that is liked or done well or badly with が: 私は音楽が好きです ('I like music'), 兄は料理が上手です ('My brother is good at cooking'). You will hear 〜を好きです in casual speech, but standard Japanese uses が. To talk about an activity, turn the verb into a noun with の: 泳ぐのが好きです ('I like swimming'). Because they are na-adjectives, they conjugate with the copula (好きじゃないです, 嫌いでした, 好きじゃなかったです; not 嫌くない or 好きかった) and take な before a noun: 好きな食べ物 ('favourite food'). 上手 is praise, so use it for other people; about yourself, 下手です or まだ上手じゃないです sounds modest.

Key rule

Mark the thing liked, disliked or done well or badly with が, and the person usually with は (私は音楽が好きです, 兄は料理が上手です); a verb is first turned into a noun with の (泳ぐのが好きです; with 好き and 嫌い, こと also works). All four are na-adjectives: 好きじゃないです, 嫌いでした, 好きな本.

Examples

  • 私は音楽が好きです。
    私は音楽を好きです。

    Watashi wa ongaku ga suki desu. — I like music. | The thing you like is marked with が. 音楽を好きです is heard in casual speech, but standard Japanese uses が.

  • 子どものとき、納豆が嫌いでした。
    子どものとき、納豆が嫌かったです。

    Kodomo no toki, nattō ga kirai deshita. — I disliked natto when I was a child. | 嫌い ends in い, but it is a na-adjective, so its past is 嫌いでした. 嫌かった treats it like an i-adjective.

  • 兄は料理が上手です。
    兄は料理を上手です。

    Ani wa ryōri ga jōzu desu. — My older brother is good at cooking. | 上手 marks the skill with が; を is wrong here.

Common mistakes

  • Marking the thing with を instead of が

    妹はテニスを上手です。
    妹はテニスが上手です。

    上手, 下手, 好き and 嫌い mark the thing with が. With 好き and 嫌い you will hear を in casual speech, but standard Japanese uses が; with 上手です and 下手です, を is simply wrong.

  • Negating with くない

    野菜は嫌くないです。
    野菜は嫌いじゃないです。

    嫌い is a na-adjective even though it ends in い, so its negative is 嫌いじゃないです (or 嫌いではありません). The same goes for 好き, 上手 and 下手: 好きじゃない, 上手じゃない, 下手じゃない.

N5 / A1Particles

は — Topic Marker

主題の「は」

The particle は marks the topic of a sentence: the person or thing you are talking about, roughly 'as for X'. The rest of the sentence says something about it: 私は学生です ('I am a student'), 今日は寒いです ('It's cold today'). As a particle it is written with the hiragana は but pronounced 'wa'. Typical topics are yourself, people and things already known in the conversation, and whole groups in general statements (ねこは魚が好きです, 'Cats like fish'). は can also contrast two things: コーヒーは好きですが、お茶は好きじゃないです ('I like coffee, but not tea'). It replaces が and を, but goes after other particles (友だちとは, 東京には). Once the topic is clear, it is usually left out of the next sentences. Question words never take は: say 誰が来ましたか ('Who came?'), not 誰は.

Key rule

は (written は, pronounced 'wa') marks the topic, what the sentence is about: 私は学生です. It replaces が and を, goes after other particles (友だちとは, 東京には) and is usually left out once the topic is clear; a question word that is the subject (誰が来ましたか), and new things you say exist or happen (部屋にねこがいます), take が instead.

Examples

  • 私は学生です。
    私わ学生です。

    Watashi wa gakusei desu. — I am a student. | 私 ('I') is the topic. The particle is pronounced 'wa' but always written は; わ is a spelling mistake.

  • 今日は寒いです。

    Kyō wa samui desu. — It's cold today. | 今日 ('today') is the topic, and 寒いです says what it is like.

  • コーヒーは好きですが、お茶は好きじゃないです。

    Kōhī wa suki desu ga, ocha wa suki ja nai desu. — I like coffee, but I don't like tea. | Each drink takes は, which sets the two against each other.

Common mistakes

  • Using は after a question word

    何は好きですか。
    何が好きですか。

    Question words never take は. When the question word is the subject, as here, it takes が.

  • Writing the topic particle as わ

    私わ学生です。
    私は学生です。

    The topic particle is pronounced 'wa' but always written with the hiragana は.

N5 / A1Particles

が — Subject Marker (Basic)

主語の「が」(基礎)

が marks the subject when the subject itself is the new information, such as something you say exists or happens, or the answer to a 'who?' or 'what?' question: 部屋にねこがいます ('There's a cat in the room'), 雨が降っています ('It's raining'), 「誰が来ましたか。」「田中さんが来ました。」 ('Who came?' 'Tanaka-san did.'). A question word that is the subject always takes が, never は. が also marks the thing that is liked, wanted, understood, done well or owned, while the person is the topic: 私は音楽が好きです ('I like music'), 日本語がわかります ('I understand Japanese'), 私は車があります ('I have a car'). Inside a clause that describes a noun, the subject takes が (or の), not は: 母が作ったケーキ ('the cake my mother made'). When the subject is already known and you are simply saying something about it, use は: 私は学生です.

Key rule

が marks a subject that is new information: something you say exists or happens (部屋にねこがいます, 雨が降っています) and a question word with its answer (「誰が来ましたか。」「田中さんが来ました。」). It also marks the thing liked, wanted, understood or owned with 好き, 嫌い, ほしい, わかる, 上手, 下手, できる and ある, and the subject of a clause describing a noun (母が作ったケーキ); a subject that is already the topic takes は.

Examples

  • 部屋にねこがいます。
    部屋にねこはいます。 (intended: There's a cat in the room.)

    Heya ni neko ga imasu. — There's a cat in the room. | The cat is new information, so it takes が. 部屋にねこはいます means 'there is a cat in the room, at least', contrasting it with something else.

  • 「誰が来ましたか。」「田中さんが来ました。」
    「誰は来ましたか。」「田中さんが来ました。」

    "Dare ga kimashita ka." / "Tanaka-san ga kimashita." — "Who came?" / "Tanaka-san did." | A question word that is the subject takes が, never は, and the answer to it takes が too.

  • 雨が降っています。

    Ame ga futte imasu. — It's raining. | You are reporting what is happening, so the subject 雨 ('rain') takes が.

Common mistakes

  • Using が for yourself in a self-introduction

    はじめまして、私がアンナです。 (intended: Nice to meet you, I'm Anna.)
    はじめまして、私はアンナです。

    In a self-introduction you are the topic, so use は. 私がアンナです means 'I am the Anna (you are looking for)'.

  • Using を with ある

    私は車をあります。
    私は車があります。

    ある ('there is', 'have') never takes を. What exists or what you have is marked with が.

N5 / B1Particles

は vs が — Basic Contrast

「は」と「が」の基本的な違い

Both は and が can come after the subject, but they do different jobs. は marks the topic, something already known that the sentence comments on: 田中さんは学生です ('Tanaka-san is a student'). が marks a subject that is new information, such as the answer to 'who?' or 'what?': 「誰が学生ですか。」「田中さんが学生です。」 ('Which one is the student?' 'Tanaka-san is.'). Use が for question words that are the subject (never は), for things you say exist or appear for the first time (部屋にねこがいます, 'There's a cat in the room') and for events you notice (雨が降っています, 'It's raining'); once something is known, later mentions switch to は. With 好き, 上手, わかる and similar words, the person takes は and the thing takes が: 私は犬が好きです ('I like dogs'). Inside a clause that describes a noun, the subject takes が (or の), not は: 母が作ったケーキ ('the cake my mother made').

Key rule

は marks the topic, something known that the sentence comments on (私は学生です); が marks a subject that is new information. Use が for a question word that is the subject and its answer (誰が来ましたか), for something new that you say exists or happens (ねこがいます, 雨が降っています), for the thing liked or understood with 好き or わかる (私は犬が好きです), and for the subject of a clause describing a noun (母が作ったケーキ).

Examples

  • 私は学生です。
    私が学生です。 (intended: I am a student.)

    Watashi wa gakusei desu. — I am a student. | When you talk about yourself, you are the topic, so use は. 私が学生です means 'I am the one who is a student' and answers 誰が学生ですか ('Which of you is the student?').

  • 公園に子どもがたくさんいます。

    Kōen ni kodomo ga takusan imasu. — There are lots of children in the park. | The children are mentioned for the first time with います, so they take が.

  • 「誰がこの手紙を書きましたか。」「父が書きました。」
    「誰はこの手紙を書きましたか。」「父が書きました。」

    "Dare ga kono tegami o kakimashita ka." / "Chichi ga kakimashita." — "Who wrote this letter?" / "My father did." | A question word that is the subject takes が, never は, and the answer takes が too.

Common mistakes

  • Using が to describe something already in view

    このかばんが高いです。 (intended: This bag is expensive.)
    このかばんは高いです。

    When you comment on something already known or in front of you, it is the topic, so use は. このかばんが高いです means 'this bag (not the others) is the expensive one'.

  • Using は after a question word

    どれは田中さんのかさですか。
    どれが田中さんのかさですか。

    A question word that is the subject takes が, never は.

N5 / A1Particles

を — Direct Object Marker

目的語の「を」

を marks the direct object, the person or thing an action is done to: 本を読みます ('I read a book'), コーヒーを飲みます ('I drink coffee'), 何を買いましたか ('What did you buy?'). As a particle it is written with the hiragana を and pronounced 'o', the same as お. With verbs of movement, を also marks the route you move along or through (公園を歩きます, 'I walk through the park'; 橋を渡ります, 'I cross the bridge') and the place you leave (家を出ます, 'I leave home'; 電車を降ります, 'I get off the train'). Some words that have an object in English use another particle in Japanese: 会う and 乗る take に (友だちに会います, 'I meet a friend'; バスに乗ります, 'I get on the bus'), and 好き, ほしい, わかる, できる and ある take が (音楽が好きです, 'I like music').

Key rule

を (pronounced 'o') marks the direct object of an action verb: 本を読みます, 何を買いましたか. With movement verbs it marks the route (公園を歩きます) and the place you leave (家を出ます); 好き, ほしい, わかる, できる and ある take が instead, and 会う and 乗る take に.

Examples

  • 毎日、本を読みます。
    毎日、本お読みます。

    Mainichi, hon o yomimasu. — I read books every day. | 本 ('book') is the direct object of 読みます. The particle is pronounced 'o' but written を, not お.

  • ごはんを食べました。
    ごはんが食べました。

    Gohan o tabemashita. — I had a meal. | ごはん is what was eaten, so it takes を. ごはんが食べました would make the meal the one doing the eating.

  • 公園を歩きます。

    Kōen o arukimasu. — I walk through the park. | With movement verbs, を marks the space you move through. 公園で歩きます is also correct; で simply names the place where the walking happens.

Common mistakes

  • Using を with 会う

    週末、友だちを会いました。
    週末、友だちに会いました。

    会う ('meet') marks the person you meet with に (or と), not を, even though 'meet' takes an object in English.

  • Using を with わかる

    日本語をわかります。
    日本語がわかります。

    わかる ('understand') marks what is understood with が. You will hear 〜をわかる in casual speech, but standard and written Japanese use が, as with 好き, 嫌い, 上手, 下手, ほしい and できる.

N5 / A1Particles

に — Three Core Senses: Existence, Time, Destination

「に」の三つの用法(存在・時・方向)

に points to a place or a moment, and at this level it has three main uses. (1) Where something or someone is, with あります and います: 机の上に本があります ('There's a book on the desk'); 住む works the same way: 東京に住んでいます ('I live in Tokyo'). (2) A fixed point in time, with clock times, dates, months and years: 7時に起きます ('I get up at 7'), 2024年に日本に来ました ('I came to Japan in 2024'). With days of the week に is optional, and time words that depend on today or start with 毎 ('every'), such as 今日, 明日, 来週 and 毎日, are used without に. (3) The place you go to or arrive at, with 行く, 来る, 帰る, 乗る, 入る and 座る: 学校に行きます ('I go to school'), バスに乗ります ('I get on the bus'). The place where you do something takes で, not に: 部屋にいます ('I'm in my room') but 部屋で勉強します ('I study in my room').

Key rule

に marks (1) where something or someone is, with あります, います and 住んでいます; (2) a fixed point in time such as 7時に, 5月に or 2024年に, but not time words that depend on today (今日, 明日, 来週) or that start with 毎 ('every': 毎日, 毎朝); (3) where you go or arrive, with 行く, 来る, 帰る, 乗る, 入る and 座る. The place where an action happens takes で.

Examples

  • 机の上に本があります。
    机の上で本があります。

    Tsukue no ue ni hon ga arimasu. — There's a book on the desk. | With あります and います, the place where something is takes に. で is for the place where an action happens.

  • 毎朝7時に起きます。
    毎朝7時で起きます。

    Maiasa shichiji ni okimasu. — I get up at 7 every morning. | A clock time takes に. 毎朝 ('every morning') does not take に.

  • 日曜日に映画を見ます。
    日曜日で映画を見ます。

    Nichiyōbi ni eiga o mimasu. — I'll watch a film on Sunday. | A day of the week takes に (which can also be left out), not で.

Common mistakes

  • Using で for where something is

    部屋でねこがいます。
    部屋にねこがいます。

    With あります and います, the place where something or someone is takes に, not で.

  • Using に for where an action happens

    図書館に勉強します。
    図書館で勉強します。

    The place where you do something takes で. に is for where something is or where you go.

N5 / A1Particles

で — Location of Action & Means / Instrument / Material

「で」(動作の場所・手段)

で has two main jobs. First, it marks the place where an action or event happens: 図書館で勉強します ('I study at the library'), 家で晩ごはんを食べます ('I eat dinner at home'). Second, it marks the means, such as transport, a tool, a language or a material: バスで行きます ('I go by bus'), はしで食べます ('I eat with chopsticks'), 日本語で話します ('I speak in Japanese'), 木で作ります ('I make it out of wood'). After a number of people it says how many do something together: 三人で行きました ('The three of us went'). Do not mix it up with に, which marks where something or someone simply is (部屋にいます, 'I'm in my room'), where you live (東京に住んでいます) and the spot where something ends up (いすに座ります, 'I sit on the chair'). 'On foot' is 歩いて, without で.

Key rule

で marks where an action or event happens (図書館で勉強します) and the means, tool, language or material (バスで, はしで, 日本語で, 木で). Use に instead for where something exists or someone lives (部屋にいます, 東京に住んでいます) and for the spot where something or someone ends up (いすに座ります, ノートに書きます).

Examples

  • 図書館で勉強します。
    図書館に勉強します。

    Toshokan de benkyō shimasu. — I study at the library. | 勉強する is an action, so the place where it happens takes で, not に.

  • 公園で子どもが遊んでいます。

    Kōen de kodomo ga asonde imasu. — Children are playing in the park. | 遊ぶ ('play') is an action, so the park where it happens takes で. To say only that the children are there, use に: 公園に子どもがいます.

  • バスで大学に行きます。
    バスに大学に行きます。

    Basu de daigaku ni ikimasu. — I go to university by bus. | The means of transport takes で; the destination 大学 takes に.

Common mistakes

  • Using で with 住む

    東京で住んでいます。
    東京に住んでいます。

    住む ('live'), like ある and いる, marks the place with に. で is for the place where an action happens.

  • Using に for where an action happens

    公園に遊びます。
    公園で遊びます。

    遊ぶ ('play') is an action, so the place takes で.

N5 / A1Particles

へ — Direction

方向の「へ」

へ marks the direction you move in or the place you are heading for: 東京へ行きます ('I'm going to Tokyo'), 家へ帰ります ('I'm going home'). As a particle it is written with the hiragana へ but pronounced 'e'. With verbs of going and coming such as 行く, 来る, 帰る and 向かう, へ and に are interchangeable: 学校へ行きます and 学校に行きます both mean 'I go to school', and に is more common in everyday speech. へ always points in a direction, so where something is and points in time take に (部屋にいます, 7時に). Before の only へ works: 友だちへの手紙 ('a letter to a friend'). On letters and cards, a name followed by へ means 'To …': 母へ ('To Mum').

Key rule

へ (pronounced 'e') marks the direction or goal of movement and can replace に after verbs of going and coming: 東京へ行きます = 東京に行きます. Where something is and points in time take に (部屋にいます, 7時に), and before の only へ works (友だちへの手紙).

Examples

  • 東京へ行きます。
    東京え行きます。

    Tōkyō e ikimasu. — I'm going to Tokyo. | へ marks where you are heading. As a particle it is pronounced 'e' but always written へ, not え.

  • 友だちへの手紙を書きました。
    友だちにの手紙を書きました。

    Tomodachi e no tegami o kakimashita. — I wrote a letter to a friend. | Before の only へ can be used: 友だちへの手紙 ('a letter to a friend'). にの is not possible.

  • ようこそ日本へ。

    Yōkoso Nihon e. — Welcome to Japan. | A set welcome phrase in which へ is the usual choice; 日本へようこそ means the same.

Common mistakes

  • Using にの instead of への

    日本にの旅行は楽しかったです。
    日本への旅行は楽しかったです。

    Before の only へ can be used: 日本への旅行 ('the trip to Japan'). にの is not possible.

  • Using へ for where someone is

    部屋へいます。
    部屋にいます。

    へ always points in a direction, so it cannot mark where someone or something is. With います and あります, the place takes に.

N5 / A1Particles

と — With / And (Exhaustive List)

共同・並列の「と」

と has two basic meanings. (1) 'And' between nouns: りんごとバナナを買いました ('I bought apples and bananas'). It names all the items; to give just a few examples among others, use や instead (りんごやバナナ, 'apples, bananas and so on'). The particle for the whole list (を, が, は) comes once, after the last noun. (2) 'With' a person: と marks the person you do something with, 友だちと映画を見ました ('I watched a film with a friend'), often followed by 一緒に ('together'): 母と一緒に料理をします ('I cook with my mother'). A tool takes で, not と: はしで食べます ('I eat with chopsticks'). As 'and', と joins only nouns: link actions with the te-form (テレビを見て、寝ました, 'I watched TV and went to bed'), i-adjectives with 〜くて (安くておいしい, 'cheap and tasty') and na-adjectives with 〜で (静かできれい, 'quiet and clean'). は and も go after と: 友だちとも話しました ('I talked with my friend too').

Key rule

と joins nouns as 'and', naming all the items (りんごとバナナを買いました), and marks the person you do something with (友だちと映画を見ました). As 'and', it cannot link verbs or adjectives: use the te-form for verbs (見て), 〜くて for i-adjectives (安くて) and 〜で for na-adjectives (静かで); for a few examples among others, use や.

Examples

  • 姉と買い物に行きました。
    姉で買い物に行きました。

    Ane to kaimono ni ikimashita. — I went shopping with my older sister. | と marks the person you do something with. で marks a place, a tool or a means of transport, so it cannot mark the person you go with.

  • りんごとバナナを買いました。
    りんごをバナナを買いました。

    Ringo to banana o kaimashita. — I bought apples and bananas. | と joins the two nouns, and a single を after the last one marks both as the object. Putting を after each noun is wrong.

  • 毎晩、母と電話で話します。

    Maiban, haha to denwa de hanashimasu. — I talk with my mother on the phone every evening. | と marks the person you talk with; で marks the means, here 電話 ('the phone'). A person you do something with takes と, a tool or means takes で.

Common mistakes

  • Using と to join verbs

    テレビを見ましたと本を読みました。
    テレビを見て、本を読みました。

    と joins only nouns. To link actions, put the first verb in the te-form (見て), or start a new sentence with それから ('after that').

  • Using と to join adjectives

    この店は安いとおいしいです。 (intended: This restaurant is cheap and good.)
    この店は安くておいしいです。

    と cannot join adjectives: after an adjective, と means 'when' or 'if' (安いと, 'when it is cheap'). An i-adjective links to the next one with 〜くて (安くて), a na-adjective with で (静かで).

N5 / A1Particles

から / まで — From / Until (Place & Time)

「から」「まで」(起点・終点)

から means 'from' and marks a starting point; まで means 'to', 'as far as' or 'until' and marks an end point. Both work for places and times, and together they make a range, start first: 東京から大阪まで ('from Tokyo to Osaka'), 9時から5時まで ('from 9 to 5'). Each can also stand alone: 日本から来ました ('I came from Japan'), 昨日から雨が降っています ('It has been raining since yesterday'), 駅まで歩きます ('I walk as far as the station'). から also marks the person something comes from: 友だちから聞きました ('I heard it from a friend'). まで means something goes on until that point; for a deadline ('by'), use までに: 5時までに来てください ('Please come by 5').

Key rule

から marks the starting point ('from', 'since') and まで the end point ('to', 'as far as', 'until'), for places and times: 家から駅まで, 9時から5時まで; から also marks the person something comes from (友だちから聞きました). まで means something goes on until that point; for a deadline ('by'), use までに: 5時までに来てください.

Examples

  • 日本から来ました。
    日本に来ました。 (intended: I came from Japan.)

    Nihon kara kimashita. — I came from Japan. | から marks the starting point. 日本に来ました is also a correct sentence, but it means 'I came to Japan'.

  • 9時から5時まで働きます。
    9時から5時に働きます。

    Kuji kara goji made hatarakimasu. — I work from 9 to 5. | A time range is 〜から〜まで. に marks a single point in time ('at 5'), so it cannot mean 'until'.

  • 東京から大阪まで新幹線で行きました。

    Tōkyō kara Ōsaka made shinkansen de ikimashita. — I went from Tokyo to Osaka by bullet train. | から marks where the trip starts and まで where it ends; で marks the means of transport.

Common mistakes

  • Using に for 'from'

    カナダに来ました。 (intended: I came from Canada.)
    カナダから来ました。

    から marks the starting point. に marks the destination, so カナダに来ました means 'I came to Canada'.

  • Using に for 'until'

    毎日、5時に働きます。 (intended: I work until 5 every day.)
    毎日、5時まで働きます。

    まで means 'until'. に marks a single point in time, so 5時に働きます means 'I work at 5'.

N5 / A1Particles

も — Also / Too

「も」(同類・追加)

も means 'also' or 'too', and with a negative verb 'not … either'. It goes right after the word it adds. も takes the place of は, が and を: 田中さんは学生です。山田さんも学生です ('Yamada-san is a student too'); 肉を食べます。野菜も食べます ('I eat vegetables too'). Other particles stay, and も goes after them: 東京にも行きました ('I went to Tokyo too'), 友だちとも話しました ('I talked with my friend too'); in speech, に and へ are often dropped (東京も行きました). When two or more nouns each take も, the meaning is 'both … and …', or with a negative verb 'neither … nor …': 肉も魚も好きです ('I like both meat and fish'), 肉も魚も食べません ('I eat neither meat nor fish'). After 一 and a counter, も with a negative verb means 'not a single one': 学生が一人もいません ('There isn't a single student').

Key rule

も ('also', 'too'; with a negative verb 'not … either') goes right after the word it adds. It replaces は, が and を (私も, 野菜も) but goes after other particles (東京にも, 友だちとも); AもBも means 'both A and B', or 'neither A nor B' with a negative verb.

Examples

  • 田中さんは学生です。山田さんも学生です。
    田中さんは学生です。山田さんはも学生です。

    Tanaka-san wa gakusei desu. Yamada-san mo gakusei desu. — Tanaka-san is a student. Yamada-san is a student too. | も takes the place of は. はも is wrong.

  • 肉を食べます。野菜も食べます。

    Niku o tabemasu. Yasai mo tabemasu. — I eat meat. I eat vegetables too. | も takes the place of を, so 野菜を becomes 野菜も.

  • 東京にも行きました。
    東京もに行きました。

    Tōkyō ni mo ikimashita. — I went to Tokyo too. | に stays, and も goes after it: にも. もに is wrong.

Common mistakes

  • Putting も after は or が

    私はも行きます。
    私も行きます。

    も takes the place of は and が: 私も ('me too'). はも and がも are wrong.

  • Putting も after を

    野菜をも食べます。
    野菜も食べます。

    In everyday Japanese, も takes the place of を: 野菜も. をも is found only in formal written style.

N5 / A1Particles

か — Question Particle

疑問の「か」

か at the end of a sentence turns it into a question. Add it after です or the ます form; the word order does not change: 学生です ('I'm a student') → 学生ですか ('Are you a student?'), 行きます → 行きますか ('Are you going?'). A question word stays in the place where the answer will go: 何を食べますか ('What will you eat?') → すしを食べます ('I'll eat sushi'). Yes / no questions are answered with はい ('yes') or いいえ ('no'): 「行きますか。」「はい、行きます。」 In standard writing, a question with か ends in 。; ? is mostly used in casual writing. Between friends, a plain form with rising intonation is a question without か: 行く? ('Are you going?'); after a noun or na-adjective, だ is dropped: 元気? ('Are you well?').

Key rule

To ask a polite question, put か at the end of a sentence ending in です or ます (or the past でした, ました), without changing the word order: 学生ですか, 行きますか, 行きましたか. A question word stays where the answer goes (何を食べますか); between friends, a plain form with rising intonation replaces か (行く?), and だ is dropped after a noun or na-adjective (元気?).

Examples

  • 田中さんは学生ですか。
    田中さんは学生です。 (intended: Is Tanaka-san a student?)

    Tanaka-san wa gakusei desu ka. — Is Tanaka-san a student? | か at the end turns the sentence into a question. Without か, 田中さんは学生です。 is a statement: 'Tanaka-san is a student.'

  • 明日、学校に行きますか。

    Ashita, gakkō ni ikimasu ka. — Are you going to school tomorrow? | か comes after the ます form at the very end; the word order is the same as in the statement 明日、学校に行きます。

  • 何を食べましたか。
    何か食べましたか。 (intended: What did you eat?)

    Nani o tabemashita ka. — What did you eat? | The question word 何 takes を, just like the answer would (すしを食べました), and か ends the sentence. 何か食べましたか is also a correct question, but it means 'Did you eat anything?'

Common mistakes

  • Leaving out か in a polite question

    山田さんは先生です。 (intended: Is Yamada-san a teacher?)
    山田さんは先生ですか。

    A polite question needs か at the end. Without it, 山田さんは先生です。 is a statement: 'Yamada-san is a teacher.'

  • Using は after a question word

    誰は来ましたか。
    誰が来ましたか。

    Question words never take は. A question word that is the subject takes が, and so does the answer: 田中さんが来ました.

N5 / A2Particles

疑問詞 + も + Negative — (Not) Any

疑問詞+も+否定(「何も」「誰も」「どこにも」)

A question word + も + a negative verb or adjective means 'no-' or 'not any-': 何も ('nothing'), 誰も ('nobody'), どこにも ('nowhere'), どれも ('none of them'). 冷蔵庫に何もありません ('There's nothing in the fridge'), 誰も来ませんでした ('Nobody came'), どこにも行きません ('I'm not going anywhere'). も takes the place of が and を, but other particles stay in front of it: 誰とも話しませんでした ('I didn't talk with anyone'); in speech, に and へ are often dropped (どこも行きません). For this meaning the verb or adjective must be negative; with a positive verb, 'something' is 何か and 'anything at all' is 何でも. 'There's nothing' is 何もありません, not 何かありません: 何か means 'something', never 'nothing'. いつも is different: it means 'always'.

Key rule

The question words 何, 誰, どこ, どれ and どちら + も + a negative verb or adjective mean 'no-' / 'not any-': 何もありません ('There's nothing'), 誰も来ませんでした ('Nobody came'); いつも is different and means 'always'. も replaces が and を but goes after other particles (どこにも, 誰とも); with a positive verb, 'something' is 何か and 'anything at all' is 何でも.

Examples

  • 今、部屋に誰もいません。
    今、部屋に誰がいません。

    Ima, heya ni dare mo imasen. — There's nobody in the room now. | 誰 + も with a negative verb means 'nobody'. 誰が only asks 'who?'; it cannot mean 'nobody'.

  • 冷蔵庫に何もありません。
    冷蔵庫に何かありません。 (intended: There's nothing in the fridge.)

    Reizōko ni nani mo arimasen. — There's nothing in the fridge. | 'Nothing' is 何も with a negative verb. 何か means 'something', so 冷蔵庫に何かありません could only mean 'Something is missing from the fridge', never 'There's nothing'.

  • 今日はどこにも行きません。
    今日はどこもに行きません。

    Kyō wa doko ni mo ikimasen. — I'm not going anywhere today. | に comes before も: どこにも. In speech に is often dropped (どこも行きません), but it never comes after も.

Common mistakes

  • Using 何か or 誰か for 'nothing' or 'nobody'

    部屋に誰かいませんでした。 (intended: There was nobody in the room.)
    部屋に誰もいませんでした。

    誰か and 何か mean 'someone' and 'something', never 'nobody' or 'nothing': 部屋に誰かいませんでした could only mean 'Someone was not in the room'. 'Nobody' and 'nothing' are 誰も and 何も with a negative verb.

  • Dropping と before も

    日曜日は誰も遊びませんでした。 (intended: I didn't hang out with anyone on Sunday.)
    日曜日は誰とも遊びませんでした。

    と must stay before も: 誰とも ('with nobody'). 誰も遊びませんでした means 'Nobody hung out'.

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N5 / A2Particles

疑問詞 + か — 'Some-' (Indefinite)

疑問詞+か(「何か」「誰か」「どこか」「いつか」)

A question word + か means 'some-': 何か ('something'), 誰か ('someone'), どこか ('somewhere'), いつか ('some day'), どれか ('one of them'), どちらか ('one of the two'). 何か食べたいです ('I want to eat something'), いつか日本に行きたいです ('I want to go to Japan some day'). In questions they mean 'any-': 誰かいますか ('Is anyone there?'). を and が are often left out after them, and other particles come after か: どこかに行きましょう ('Let's go somewhere'), 誰かと話したいです ('I want to talk with someone'). For 'not … anything' or 'not … anyone', use 何も or 誰も with a negative verb instead: 何も食べませんでした ('I didn't eat anything').

Key rule

A question word + か means 'some-', and 'any-' in questions: 何か ('something'), 誰か ('someone'), どこか ('somewhere'), いつか ('some day'). Other particles come after か (どこかに, 誰かと), を and が are often left out, and 'not anything' / 'not anyone' is 何も / 誰も with a negative verb, never 何か / 誰か.

Examples

  • 何か食べましたか。
    何食べましたか。 (intended: Did you eat anything?)

    Nanika tabemashita ka. — Did you eat anything? | 何か means 'something', and 'anything' in a question. Without か, 何食べましたか is a different question: 'What did you eat?'

  • 誰かいますか。
    誰いますか。 (intended: Is anyone there?)

    Dareka imasu ka. — Is anyone there? | 誰か means 'someone', and 'anyone' in a question. Without か, 誰 is the question word 'who', which asks for a name.

  • どこかに行きましょう。
    どこに行きましょう。 (intended: Let's go somewhere.)

    Dokoka ni ikimashō. — Let's go somewhere. | どこか means 'somewhere', and に comes after it. Without か, どこ is the question word 'where': どこに行きましょうか ('Where shall we go?').

Common mistakes

  • Leaving out か

    昨日、誰来ました。 (intended: Someone came yesterday.)
    昨日、誰か来ました。

    Without か, 誰 is the question word 'who', which needs a question. 'Someone' is 誰か.

  • Putting the particle before か

    誰とか話したいです。
    誰かと話したいです。

    With か, particles come after it: 誰かと ('with someone'), どこかに ('to somewhere'). This is the opposite of the も pattern, where the particle comes first (誰とも, どこにも).

N5 / A1Pronouns demonstratives

Basic Personal Pronouns

人称代名詞・基本

Japanese has words for 'I', 'you', 'he' and 'she', but uses them much less than English: when it is clear who is meant, the pronoun is simply left out (学生です, 'I'm a student'; 何を食べますか, 'What will you eat?'). For 'I', 私 (わたし) is the standard word for everyone in polite speech; boys and men also say 僕 (ぼく) in everyday talk and 俺 (おれ) with close friends. For 'you' there is あなた, but saying it to a teacher, a colleague or a friend sounds cold or even rude, so use the person's name with さん or their title instead (田中さんはコーヒーを飲みますか, 'Do you drink coffee, Mr Tanaka?'), or leave 'you' out; あなた is normal in forms and advertisements and from a wife to her husband. 'He' is 彼 (かれ) and 'she' is 彼女 (かのじょ); they are used for someone who is not present, and not for people above you, such as your teacher or your boss. 〜たち makes the plural: 私たち ('we'), but 'they' is 彼ら (or 彼女たち for women).

Key rule

Leave out 'I' and 'you' when it is clear who is meant. When you need them, say 私 for 'I'; for 'you', use the person's name + さん or their title (先生) rather than あなた, which sounds cold to a teacher, a colleague or a friend; keep 彼 ('he') and 彼女 ('she') for people who are not present and not above you.

Examples

  • 私は学生です。

    Watashi wa gakusei desu. — I am a student. | 私 (わたし) is the standard 'I' for men and women in polite speech, so it is the safe choice in any situation.

  • 田中さんはコーヒーを飲みますか。
    田中さん、あなたはコーヒーを飲みますか。

    Tanaka-san wa kōhī o nomimasu ka. — Do you drink coffee, Mr Tanaka? | Speaking to Mr Tanaka, Japanese uses his name where English says 'you'. 田中さん、あなたは… is grammatical, but あなた sounds cold, almost rude, to a colleague or an acquaintance like Mr Tanaka.

  • 「学生ですか。」「はい、学生です。」

    Gakusei desu ka. / Hai, gakusei desu. — Are you a student? / Yes, I am. | Neither 'you' nor 'I' is said: the question is understood to be about the listener, and the answer about the speaker.

Common mistakes

  • Calling a teacher, a colleague or a friend あなた

    先生、あなたは日曜日に何をしますか。
    先生、日曜日に何をしますか。

    Grammatical, but calling a teacher, a boss, a colleague or a friend あなた sounds cold or even rude. Leave 'you' out, or use the title or name: 先生は日曜日に何をしますか.

  • Saying 私は in every sentence

    私はアメリカ人です。私はニューヨークに住んでいます。
    私はアメリカ人です。ニューヨークに住んでいます。

    Grammatical, but repeating 私は sounds heavy and foreign. Say it once: the following sentences are understood to be about you until the topic changes.

N5 / A1Pronouns demonstratives

これ / それ / あれ / どれ — Thing Demonstratives

これ・それ・あれ・どれ

これ, それ, あれ and どれ are words for things: これ ('this') is something near the speaker, それ ('that') something near the listener, あれ ('that over there') something far from both, and どれ ('which one?') asks about one of three or more things. They are used like nouns, with particles (これは, それを, どれが), and never go directly before another noun: 'this book' is この本, not これ本. Because the choice depends on who is near the thing, the word often changes in the answer: asked それは何ですか ('What's that?') about a dictionary in your hand, you answer これは辞書です ('This is a dictionary').

Key rule

Choose by where the thing is: これ near the speaker, それ near the listener (or just mentioned), あれ far from both, and どれ asks 'which one?' among three or more. These words stand alone and take particles directly (これは, それを, どれが); before a noun, use この, その, あの, どの.

Examples

  • これは本です。

    Kore wa hon desu. — This is a book. | これ points to something near the speaker, such as a book in your hand. It stands on its own and takes は like any noun.

  • 「それは何ですか。」「これは辞書です。」

    Sore wa nan desu ka. / Kore wa jisho desu. — What's that? / This is a dictionary. | The dictionary is near the person answering, so the question says それ ('that, near you') and the answer says これ ('this, near me').

  • あれは富士山です。

    Are wa Fujisan desu. — That (over there) is Mt Fuji. | あれ points to something far from both the speaker and the listener.

Common mistakes

  • Putting これ directly before a noun

    これ本をください。
    この本をください。

    これ stands on its own ('this one'). Before a noun, use この: この本 ('this book'). Without a noun, これをください is also correct.

  • Answering with あれ about something next to the person asking

    「これは何ですか。」「あれは辞書です。」
    「これは何ですか。」「それは辞書です。」

    The person asking says これ, so the thing is on their side; from the other side it is それ ('that, near you'). あれ is for things far from both of you. English says 'that' in both cases, which causes this mistake.

N5 / A1Pronouns demonstratives

ここ / そこ / あそこ / どこ — Place Demonstratives

ここ・そこ・あそこ・どこ

ここ, そこ, あそこ and どこ are words for places: ここ ('here') is where the speaker is, そこ ('there') is where the listener is, あそこ ('over there') is a place far from both, and どこ ('where?') asks for a place. They work like place nouns and take the usual particles: に for where a thing or a person is and for where you go (あそこに銀行があります, 'There's a bank over there'), で for where an action or an event happens (ここで待ってください, 'Please wait here'), から for 'from' and まで for 'to'. To ask where something is, make it the topic with は and put どこ at the end: トイレはどこですか ('Where is the toilet?'). For extra politeness, こちら, そちら, あちら and どちら can be used instead; shop and restaurant staff use them all the time (こちらへどうぞ, 'This way, please').

Key rule

ここ is where the speaker is, そこ where the listener is (or a place just mentioned), あそこ far from both, and どこ asks 'where?' They take the particles of place nouns: に for where a thing or a person is (あそこに銀行があります) and で for where an action or an event happens (ここで待ってください); こちら, そちら, あちら and どちら are the extra-polite versions, used for example by shop staff.

Examples

  • ここは教室です。

    Koko wa kyōshitsu desu. — This is the classroom. | ここ is the place where the speaker is. Like any place noun, it can be the topic with は.

  • そこに本があります。

    Soko ni hon ga arimasu. — There's a book there (near you). | そこ is the listener's area. With ある ('there is'), the place takes に.

  • あそこで会いましょう。

    Asoko de aimashō. — Let's meet over there. | あそこ is a place far from both people. Meeting is an action, so the place takes で.

Common mistakes

  • Using に for the place of an action

    ここに待ってください。
    ここで待ってください。

    待つ ('wait') is an action, so the place where it happens takes で, as with any place noun. に is for where something is (ここに本があります) or where you go (ここに来てください).

  • Putting は after どこ

    どこはトイレですか。
    トイレはどこですか。

    どこ is a question word and never takes は. Make the thing you are looking for the topic and put どこ at the end, where the answer goes: トイレはあそこです.

N5 / A1Pronouns demonstratives

この / その / あの / どの + Noun

この・その・あの・どの

この, その, あの and どの are the forms of 'this', 'that' and 'which' that go directly before a noun: この本 ('this book', near the speaker), その本 ('that book', near the listener), あの本 ('that book over there', far from both) and どの本 ('which book?', out of three or more). They cannot stand on their own: when there is no noun, use これ, それ, あれ or どれ instead (この本は高いです, 'This book is expensive', but これは高いです, 'This is expensive'). The distance is chosen exactly as with これ, それ and あれ.

Key rule

Before a noun, use この, その, あの, どの (この本, 'this book'; どの本, 'which book?'); without a noun, use これ, それ, あれ, どれ for things (これは本です). The choice works the same way: こ near the speaker, そ near the listener or just mentioned, あ far from both or known to both.

Examples

  • この本は面白いです。
    これ本は面白いです。

    Kono hon wa omoshiroi desu. — This book is interesting. | この goes directly before the noun 本. これ cannot be followed by a noun, so これ本 is wrong.

  • その人は誰ですか。

    Sono hito wa dare desu ka. — Who is that person (next to you)? | その points to a person near the listener, or one the listener has just mentioned.

  • あの店はとても高いです。

    Ano mise wa totemo takai desu. — That shop over there is very expensive. | あの points to something far from both people, here a shop across the street.

Common mistakes

  • Putting それ directly before a noun

    それかばんは誰のですか。
    そのかばんは誰のですか。

    Before a noun, use the form ending in の: そのかばん ('that bag'). それ stands alone: それは誰のですか ('Whose is that?').

  • Using これの + noun for 'this'

    これのペンをください。 (intended: I'll take this pen, please.)
    このペンをください。

    'This pen' is このペン. これの + noun means 'of this one' (これの大きいサイズ, 'a larger size of this one'), so これのペン sounds like 'the pen that goes with this one'.

N5 / A1Pronouns demonstratives

何 / 誰 / どこ / いつ — Basic Question Words

疑問詞・基本

The basic question words are 何 ('what'), 誰 (だれ, 'who'), どこ ('where') and いつ ('when'). Unlike English, Japanese keeps the word order of a statement: put the question word where the answer would go and add か at the end (田中さんは何を食べましたか, 'What did Mr Tanaka eat?', answered すしを食べました). 何 is read なん before です, の and counters (何ですか, 何時) and なに before を and が (何を食べますか). A question word never takes は: as the subject it takes が (誰が来ましたか, 'Who came?'), and to ask about a topic, put the topic first with は and the question word at the end (誕生日はいつですか, 'When is your birthday?'). Like 今日 and 明日, いつ takes no に of time: いつ行きますか ('When are you going?'), not いつに行きますか.

Key rule

Keep the statement word order: put the question word where the answer goes and end with か (誕生日はいつですか, 何を食べましたか). A question word never takes は (誰が来ましたか), いつ takes no に of time (いつ行きますか, like 明日行きます), and 何 is read なん before です, の and counters (何ですか, 何時) but なに before を, が and に.

Examples

  • これは何ですか。

    Kore wa nan desu ka. — What is this? | 何 is read なん before です. The thing you ask about is the topic, and 何 stands where the answer goes (これは本です).

  • 何を食べますか。

    Nani o tabemasu ka. — What will you eat? | 何 is read なに before を. The word order is the same as in the answer: すしを食べます.

  • 誰が来ましたか。
    誰は来ましたか。

    Dare ga kimashita ka. — Who came? | A question word never takes は. As the subject, 誰 takes が, and so does the answer (田中さんが来ました).

Common mistakes

  • Putting は after a question word

    誰はこの写真を撮りましたか。
    誰がこの写真を撮りましたか。

    A question word is the unknown part of the sentence and never takes は, which marks what is already known. As the subject, 誰 takes が.

  • Putting the question word first, with は

    いつは誕生日ですか。
    誕生日はいつですか。

    Japanese keeps the word order of the answer (誕生日は5月10日です), so the topic comes first with は and いつ goes where the date would be. いつ never takes は.

N5 / A1Pronouns demonstratives

いくら / いくつ / 何時 — Quantity & Time Question Words

いくら・いくつ・何時

いくら asks about price ('how much?'); いくつ asks 'how many?' for things counted ひとつ, ふたつ, みっつ, and おいくつですか ('How old are you?') is the polite way to ask someone's age; 何時 (なんじ) asks 'what time?' For other quantities, put 何 (read なん) before a counter: 何人 (なんにん, 'how many people'), 何歳 (なんさい, 'how old'), 何本 (なんぼん, 'how many bottles, pens…'). The answer puts a number before the same counter: 何人来ましたか ('How many people came?') is answered 5人来ました. A price is answered in 円: これはいくらですか ('How much is this?') is answered 500円です ('It's 500 yen'). Add に for a point in time (何時に起きますか, 'What time do you get up?'), but not for amounts or durations (何時間寝ますか, 'How many hours do you sleep?').

Key rule

Ask a price with いくら (これはいくらですか), the number of things counted ひとつ, ふたつ or someone's age with いくつ (おいくつですか), and the time with 何時 (なんじ); for anything with its own counter, put 何 (read なん) before it: 何人, 何本, 何歳. Add に for a point in time (何時に起きますか), but not for amounts or durations (何時間寝ますか).

Examples

  • これはいくらですか。

    Kore wa ikura desu ka. — How much is this? | いくら asks a price; the answer is an amount in 円 (500円です).

  • りんごをいくつ買いましたか。

    Ringo o ikutsu kaimashita ka. — How many apples did you buy? | いくつ asks how many of something counted ひとつ, ふたつ, みっつ; the answer uses the same numbers (三つ買いました).

  • おいくつですか。

    O-ikutsu desu ka. — How old are you? | The polite way to ask an adult's age: the polite prefix お + いくつ.

Common mistakes

  • Using いくつ to ask a price

    このかばんはいくつですか。 (intended: How much is this bag?)
    このかばんはいくらですか。

    いくつ asks 'how many?' or someone's age, so this asks how many of these bags there are, not the price. For prices, use いくら.

  • Adding に to a length of time

    毎晩何時間に寝ますか。
    毎晩何時間寝ますか。

    何時間 ('how many hours') is a length of time, so it takes no に. に marks a point in time: 何時に寝ますか ('What time do you go to bed?').

N5 / A1Syntax conn

Basic SOV Word Order

基本的な語順(SOV)

In Japanese the predicate (a verb, an adjective, or a noun + です) comes at the end of the sentence: 私は毎朝コーヒーを飲みます ('I drink coffee every morning'). Particles after the nouns show who does what (は for the topic, が for the subject, を for the object, で for the place of an action, に for a destination), so the parts before the verb can change order without changing who does what; a neutral order is topic, time, place, object, verb. Particles such as か, ね and よ come after the predicate (行きますか, 'Are you going?'). Words that describe something come before it (大きい犬 'a big dog', 友達の本 'my friend's book'), and a reason normally comes before the main clause (寒いから、家にいます 'It's cold, so I'm staying at home').

Key rule

The predicate (a verb, an adjective, or a noun + です) comes at the end of the sentence, followed by particles such as か, ね and よ. Particles after the nouns show who does what, so the parts before the verb can change order, but a describing word always comes before its noun (大きい犬, 友達の本).

Examples

  • 私は毎朝コーヒーを飲みます。
    私は飲みますコーヒーを毎朝。

    Watashi wa maiasa kōhī o nomimasu. — I drink coffee every morning. | The verb 飲みます comes last, after the time word 毎朝 and the object コーヒーを. 私は飲みますコーヒーを毎朝 follows English order and puts the verb in the middle.

  • 田中さんは毎日学校で日本語を勉強します。

    Tanaka-san wa mainichi gakkō de Nihongo o benkyō shimasu. — Mr Tanaka studies Japanese at school every day. | A neutral order: topic (田中さんは), time (毎日), place (学校で), object (日本語を), verb.

  • 昨日私は友達に手紙を書きました。

    Kinō watashi wa tomodachi ni tegami o kakimashita. — I wrote a letter to my friend yesterday. | The time word 昨日 comes first here. 私は昨日友達に手紙を書きました means the same, because the particles, not the order, show who does what.

Common mistakes

  • Putting the verb in the middle, as in English

    私は買いました本を本屋で。
    私は本屋で本を買いました。

    The verb comes at the end, after the place and the object. In relaxed conversation a word is sometimes added after the verb as an afterthought, but a sentence is not built in English order.

  • Putting a particle before its noun, like an English preposition

    来週、に京都行きます。
    来週、京都に行きます。

    Particles come after the word they mark: 京都に ('to Kyoto'), 駅で ('at the station'). English prepositions come before the noun; Japanese particles come after it.

N5 / A2Syntax conn

Sentence-Final Particles ね / よ (incl. 〜でしょう? for soft confirmation)

終助詞「ね」「よ」・「〜でしょう?」

ね and よ are small particles at the very end of a sentence that show how the speaker relates to the listener. ね ('…, isn't it?', '…, right?') invites agreement about something both people know, feel or can see: 今日は暑いですね ('It's hot today, isn't it?'). よ ('…, you know') tells the listener something they don't know yet, or reminds or warns them: 会議は三時からですよ ('The meeting starts at three, you know'). よね, always in that order, checks something you believe is true: 明日は休みですよね ('Tomorrow is a day off, right?'). でしょう? said with rising intonation (でしょ? in casual speech) asks the listener to agree with something you are fairly sure of: このラーメン、おいしいでしょう? ('This ramen is good, isn't it?'). ね, よ and よね come after です, ます or a plain form, while でしょう follows plain verbs and i-adjectives and comes straight after nouns and na-adjectives (おいしいでしょう?, 休みでしょう?), not after です. ね and よ are very common in polite speech, not only among friends.

Key rule

ね invites agreement about something the listener also knows or feels (暑いですね), よ tells them something new, a reminder or a warning (車が来ますよ), and よね checks something you believe (休みですよね); all three come last, after です, ます or a plain form. でしょう? with rising intonation asks for agreement and follows a plain verb or i-adjective or a bare noun or na-adjective, never です (おいしいでしょう?, 休みでしょう?).

Examples

  • 今日は暑いですね。

    Kyō wa atsui desu ne. — It's hot today, isn't it? | Both people can feel the heat, so ね invites the listener to agree.

  • 会議は三時からですよ。

    Kaigi wa sanji kara desu yo. — The meeting starts at three, you know. | よ gives the listener information they may not have, here as a reminder.

  • 田中さんは来ませんよ。

    Tanaka-san wa kimasen yo. — Mr Tanaka isn't coming, you know. | よ passes on news the listener does not know yet.

Common mistakes

  • Using ね to tell someone something they haven't noticed

    すみません、ハンカチが落ちましたね。 (intended: Excuse me, you've dropped your handkerchief.)
    すみません、ハンカチが落ちましたよ。

    You are telling a stranger something they have not noticed, so the particle is よ. ね would treat it as something you both already know, as if you were just commenting on it.

  • Using ね about yourself when you introduce yourself

    はじめまして。私はアンナですね。 (intended: Nice to meet you. I'm Anna.)
    はじめまして。私はアンナです。

    ね asks the listener to agree with something they already know. Someone you have just met cannot know your name yet, so say it without ね.

N5 / B1Syntax conn

〜のです / 〜んです — Explanatory Sentence Ending

〜のです・〜んです

〜んです gives a sentence an explanatory tone: it presents what you say as the background to something, like English 'you see' or 'the thing is'. Form it with the plain form + んです: 行くんです, 行かないんです, 行ったんです, 高いんです. Nouns and na-adjectives take な in the present (学生なんです, 静かなんです) and だった in the past (学生だったんです). Use it (1) to explain a reason or a situation: 「どうしたんですか。」「頭が痛いんです。」 ('What's wrong?' 'I have a headache.'); (2) to ask about something you have noticed or want explained: どうして日本語を勉強しているんですか ('Why are you studying Japanese?'); (3) to react to news: 田中さんも来るんですか ('Oh, Mr Tanaka is coming too?'); (4) with が before a request or a question: 道が分からないんですが… ('I don't know the way…'). Leave it out of neutral statements with no background: in a self-introduction 私は学生です is normal, while 私は学生なんです sounds as if you were explaining something. In writing and formal speech the form is 〜のです; in casual speech it is 〜んだ or 〜の.

Key rule

Plain form + んです (な after nouns and na-adjectives in the present: 学生なんです; past 学生だったんです) presents a sentence as background. Use it to explain, to ask about something you have noticed (どうしたんですか), to react to news and before a request (〜んですが), but not for neutral facts with no background.

Examples

  • どうして日本語を勉強しているんですか。
    どうして日本語を勉強していますんですか。

    Dōshite Nihongo o benkyō shite iru n desu ka. — Why are you studying Japanese? | どうして ('why') asks for an explanation, so the question ends in 〜んですか. んです follows the plain form 勉強している, never the masu-form 勉強しています.

  • 来年日本に行くんです。

    Rainen Nihon ni iku n desu. — I'm going to Japan next year, you see. | A typical answer to どうして日本語を勉強しているんですか ('Why are you studying Japanese?'): んです presents the plan as the reason.

  • あのう、すみません。道が分からないんですが。

    Anō, sumimasen. Michi ga wakaranai n desu ga. — Um, excuse me. I don't know the way… | 〜んですが explains your situation and leaves the request unsaid; the listener understands that you need help.

Common mistakes

  • 田中さんは医者んです。

    田中さんは医者んです。
    田中さんは医者なんです。

    Nouns and na-adjectives take な before んです in the present: 医者なんです, 静かなんです.

  • 行きますんです。

    行きますんです。
    行くんです。

    〜んです follows the plain form (行く, 行かない, 行った), never the masu-form. The です at the end already makes the sentence polite.

N5 / A2Syntax conn

Te-form Clause Chaining (basic: 'and then')

て形で文をつなぐ(基礎)

To join actions or descriptions in one sentence, put every predicate except the last one into the te-form: 朝起きて、顔を洗って、朝ごはんを食べます ('In the morning I get up, wash my face and have breakfast'). Actions are understood in the order they are said. The te-form has no tense of its own: the last predicate sets the tense and politeness of the whole sentence, so 起きて、朝ごはんを食べました means 'I got up and had breakfast'. Verbs use their te-form (書く → 書いて, 飲む → 飲んで, 行く → 行って), i-adjectives change い to くて (安い → 安くて; いい → よくて), and na-adjectives and nouns take で (静かで, 学生で): この店は安くて、おいしいです ('This place is cheap and the food is good').

Key rule

To join actions or descriptions in one sentence ('and', 'and then'), put every predicate except the last into the te-form: verbs 〜て or 〜で (起きて, 飲んで), i-adjectives 〜くて (安くて; いい → よくて), na-adjectives and nouns 〜で (静かで, 学生で). The te-form itself has no tense: the last predicate sets the tense and politeness of the whole sentence (起きて、朝ごはんを食べました, 'I got up and had breakfast').

Examples

  • 朝起きて、顔を洗って、朝ごはんを食べます。

    Asa okite, kao o aratte, asagohan o tabemasu. — In the morning I get up, wash my face and have breakfast. | 起きて and 洗って are te-forms; the last verb 食べます sets the tense and politeness of the whole sentence.

  • 昨日友達に会って、映画を見ました。
    昨日友達に会いて、映画を見ました。

    Kinō tomodachi ni atte, eiga o mimashita. — Yesterday I met a friend and saw a film. | 会う ends in う, so its te-form is 会って. The past tense appears only on the last verb 見ました, but it covers both actions.

  • その店は安くて、おいしいです。
    その店は安いで、おいしいです。

    Sono mise wa yasukute, oishii desu. — That place is cheap and the food is good. | 安い is an i-adjective, so it joins with 〜くて: 安くて. で is for nouns and na-adjectives.

Common mistakes

  • Adding て to the masu-form

    毎朝コーヒーを飲みますて、新聞を読みます。
    毎朝コーヒーを飲んで、新聞を読みます。

    The te-form comes from the plain verb (飲む → 飲んで); 飲みますて does not exist. The last verb (読みます) sets the tense and politeness of the whole sentence.

  • 安いで、おいしい。

    安いで、おいしい。
    安くて、おいしい。

    i-adjectives join with 〜くて (安くて), not 〜で. で is added to nouns and na-adjectives (学生で, 静かで).

N5 / A2Syntax conn

Subject / Topic Omission in Context

主語・主題の省略

Japanese leaves out the subject, the topic and often the object whenever the listener can tell them from the situation or from what was just said. In statements about yourself 'I' is usually not said, and in questions to the listener 'you' is usually not said: 昨日映画を見ました ('I saw a film yesterday'), 何を食べましたか ('What did you eat?'). Once a topic is set with は, the following sentences are understood to be about it until a new topic comes: 田中さんは会社員です。毎日電車で会社に行っています ('Mr Tanaka is an office worker. He goes to work by train every day'). A yes-or-no answer keeps the verb and leaves out the rest of what the question already says: 「コーヒー、飲みますか。」「はい、飲みます。」 ('Will you have some coffee?' 'Yes, I will'). Say who you mean, with は, when the topic changes or to contrast: 田中さんは背が高いです。でも、私は背が低いです ('Mr Tanaka is tall. But I'm short'). Repeating 私は in every sentence is grammatical but sounds heavy, and calling someone you know あなた can sound rude: use their name, or nothing.

Key rule

Leave out the subject, topic or object when the listener can tell it from the situation or from what was just said, above all 'I' in statements and 'you' in questions; a topic set with は carries over to the next sentences. Say who you mean, with は, when the topic changes or to contrast (田中さんは背が高いです。でも、私は背が低いです); repeating a known topic is grammatical but sounds heavy.

Examples

  • 昨日映画を見ました。とても面白かったです。

    Kinō eiga o mimashita. Totemo omoshirokatta desu. — I saw a film yesterday. It was very interesting. | Neither sentence says 私は: the listener knows you are talking about yourself, and the second sentence is clearly about the film.

  • 田中さんは会社員です。毎日電車で会社に行っています。

    Tanaka-san wa kaishain desu. Mainichi densha de kaisha ni itte imasu. — Mr Tanaka is an office worker. He goes to work by train every day. | 田中さんは sets the topic in the first sentence, so the second sentence needs no subject.

  • 「コーヒー、飲みますか。」「はい、飲みます。」

    Kōhī, nomimasu ka. / Hai, nomimasu. — Will you have some coffee? / Yes, I will. | The answer repeats only the verb; who drinks and what are clear from the question.

Common mistakes

  • 私は昨日映画を見ました。私はとても面白かったです。

    私は昨日映画を見ました。私はとても面白かったです。
    私は昨日映画を見ました。とても面白かったです。

    Grammatical, but the second 私は sounds heavy and suggests a contrast ('I, at least, found it interesting'). Once the listener knows you mean yourself, leave 私は out.

  • Repeating a topic that is already set

    田中さんは会社員です。田中さんは毎日電車で会社に行っています。田中さんは家族が四人います。
    田中さんは会社員です。毎日電車で会社に行っています。家族が四人います。

    Grammatical, but once 田中さん is the topic, the following sentences are understood to be about him. Repeating the name sounds mechanical.

N5 / A1Syntax conn

そして / それから — And / And then

そして・それから

そして ('and', 'and also') usually starts a new sentence and adds something to the one before: 京都はきれいです。そして、静かです ('Kyoto is beautiful. And it's quiet, too'). It can also link events in time order. それから ('after that', 'and then') stresses the order of events: 朝ごはんを食べました。それから、学校に行きました ('I had breakfast. After that, I went to school'). それから can also add one more item, like 'and also': パンとコーヒー、それから卵を買いました ('I bought bread and coffee, and also eggs'). Both are usually followed by a comma, and それから can also follow a te-form inside a sentence (宿題をして、それから、テレビを見ました). Inside one sentence, 'and' is と between nouns in a list (パンとコーヒー), and the te-form joins verbs, adjectives and noun + です (安くて、おいしいです; 学生で、日本人です). For a contrast ('but'), use でも instead.

Key rule

そして ('and', 'and also') and それから ('after that'; also 'and one more thing') usually start a new sentence and link it to the one before: 朝ごはんを食べました。それから、学校に行きました. Inside one sentence, と joins listed nouns (パンとコーヒー) and the te-form joins verbs, adjectives and noun + です (学生で、日本人です); それから can also follow a te-form (宿題をして、それから…).

Examples

  • 京都はきれいです。そして、静かです。

    Kyōto wa kirei desu. Soshite, shizuka desu. — Kyoto is beautiful. And it's quiet, too. | そして adds a second quality; there is no time order here.

  • 朝ごはんを食べました。それから、学校に行きました。

    Asagohan o tabemashita. Sorekara, gakkō ni ikimashita. — I had breakfast. After that, I went to school. | それから makes it clear that going to school came after breakfast.

  • 昨日は映画を見ました。そして、友達と食事をしました。

    Kinō wa eiga o mimashita. Soshite, tomodachi to shokuji o shimashita. — Yesterday I saw a film. And I had a meal with a friend. | そして can also link events; it simply adds the next part, while それから would stress 'after that'.

Common mistakes

  • Joining with そして after です inside one sentence

    私は学生です、そして、日本人です。
    私は学生で、日本人です。

    After a sentence that ends in です or ます, そして starts a new sentence, so in writing the first one ends with 。: 私は学生です。そして、日本人です. To say it in one sentence, use the te-form: 学生で、日本人です.

  • Using そして for a contrast

    日本語は難しいです。そして、面白いです。 (intended: Japanese is difficult, but it's interesting.)
    日本語は難しいです。でも、面白いです。

    そして adds a point that goes the same way ('and also'). When the second sentence goes against the first ('but'), use でも.

N5 / A1Syntax conn

でも / しかし — But

でも・しかし

でも and しかし both mean 'but' or 'however'. They stand at the start of a new sentence that contrasts with the one before: 日本語は難しいです。でも、面白いです ('Japanese is difficult. But it's interesting'). でも is the everyday word, used in conversation (polite and casual alike) and in informal writing; it can also open a reply that objects to what someone has just said: 「映画に行きませんか。」「でも、雨ですよ。」 ('Shall we go to a film?' 'But it's raining.'). しかし is formal: it belongs in essays, reports, news and speeches, and sounds stiff in conversation. Neither can join two clauses inside one sentence: say 難しいです。でも、面白いです, or use けど inside the sentence (難しいけど、面白いです), not 難しいでも面白いです. After a noun, でも has a different meaning, 'even': 私でも分かります ('Even I understand it').

Key rule

でも (everyday speech and informal writing) and しかし (formal writing and speeches) mean 'but' and begin a new sentence that contrasts with the one before: 高いです。でも、おいしいです. Inside one sentence, 'but' is けど or が (高いけど、おいしいです), not でも.

Examples

  • 日本語は難しいです。でも、面白いです。
    日本語は難しいでも、面白いです。

    Nihongo wa muzukashii desu. Demo, omoshiroi desu. — Japanese is difficult. But it's interesting. | でも starts a new sentence after 。. It cannot join two clauses inside one sentence the way English 'but' can.

  • その映画を見たいです。でも、時間がありません。

    Sono eiga o mitai desu. Demo, jikan ga arimasen. — I want to see that film. But I don't have time. | でも introduces the obstacle to the wish in the first sentence.

  • この町は小さい。しかし、とても便利だ。

    Kono machi wa chiisai. Shikashi, totemo benri da. — This town is small. However, it is very convenient. | しかし suits the plain written style of these sentences, as in an essay or a report; in conversation you would say 小さいです。でも、とても便利です.

Common mistakes

  • Using でも to join two clauses

    このかばんは高いでもかわいいです。
    このかばんは高いです。でも、かわいいです。

    でも starts a new sentence; it cannot join two clauses inside one. Split the sentence, or use けど inside it: 高いけど、かわいいです.

  • Using でも in formal writing

    この方法は簡単である。でも、時間がかかる。
    この方法は簡単である。しかし、時間がかかる。

    In formal writing in the である style, でも sounds like speech. Reports and essays use しかし.

N5 / A2Syntax conn

〜から / 〜ので — Because (basic)

〜から・〜ので(基礎)

から and ので both mean 'because'. They come at the end of the reason, and the result follows: 雨が降っているから、出かけません ('It's raining, so I'm not going out'). から follows plain or polite forms: 寒いから or 寒いですから, 行くから or 行きますから; nouns and na-adjectives take だ or です before it (雨だから, 静かですから). ので follows plain forms, with な instead of だ after nouns and na-adjectives in the present (雨なので, 静かなので; past 雨だったので); in very polite speech it can also follow です or ます. In many sentences both are fine. から sounds more direct and personal and is very common in conversation; ので sounds softer and more objective, so it suits excuses and requests to people above you. To say 'It's because…' at the end of a sentence, use からです: 頭が痛かったからです ('It's because I had a headache').

Key rule

Reason + から or ので, then the result: 寒いから、窓を閉めます. から follows plain or polite forms (雨だから, 雨ですから); ので follows plain forms, with な instead of だ after nouns and na-adjectives in the present (雨なので, 静かなので; past 雨だったので), and in very polite speech also です or ます. ので sounds softer, so it suits excuses to people above you.

Examples

  • 雨が降っているから、家にいます。

    Ame ga futte iru kara, ie ni imasu. — It's raining, so I'm staying at home. | から follows the plain form 降っている and closes the reason; the result comes after it.

  • 雨が降っているので、家にいます。

    Ame ga futte iru node, ie ni imasu. — It's raining, so I'm staying at home. | The same sentence with ので sounds a little softer and presents the rain simply as the cause.

  • 忙しいですから、行けません。

    Isogashii desu kara, ikemasen. — I'm busy, so I can't go. | から can also follow a polite form: 忙しいですから.

Common mistakes

  • 学生ので、お金がありません。

    学生ので、お金がありません。
    学生なので、お金がありません。

    Nouns and na-adjectives take な before ので: 学生なので, 静かなので.

  • Putting から straight after a noun

    明日は日曜日から、学校はありません。 (intended: Tomorrow is Sunday, so there is no school.)
    明日は日曜日だから、学校はありません。

    Right after a noun, から means 'from': 日曜日から is 'from Sunday'. For 'because', put だ or です between the noun and から: 日曜日だから, 日曜日ですから.

N5 / A1Counters numbers

Numbers 1-10 (和語 ひとつ〜とお vs 漢語 いち〜じゅう)

1〜10(和語・漢語)

Japanese has two sets of numbers from 1 to 10. The native set (和語, wago), ひとつ, ふたつ, みっつ, よっつ, いつつ, むっつ, ななつ, やっつ, ここのつ, とお (written 一つ, 二つ … 十), counts everyday things on its own, without a counter, and stops at 10: りんごを三つください ('Three apples, please'). The Sino-Japanese set (漢語, kango), いち, に, さん, よん, ご, ろく, なな, はち, きゅう, じゅう, is used for counting aloud, prices, phone numbers, all numbers above 10 and with almost every counter: 三人 (さんにん, 'three people'), 三時 (さんじ, 'three o'clock'). The main exceptions have native readings: 一人 (ひとり, 'one person'), 二人 (ふたり, 'two people'), and 二日 (ふつか) to 十日 (とおか) for days and dates. 4, 7 and 9 also have the readings し, しち and く, which some words fix: 四月 (しがつ, 'April'), 九時 (くじ, 'nine o'clock').

Key rule

The native ひとつ … とお count everyday things on their own, without a counter (りんごを三つ; りんごを三個, with the counter 個, is also correct), and stop at 10. Use the Sino-Japanese いち … じゅう for numbers above 10, prices, phone numbers and with almost every counter (三人 さんにん, 三時 さんじ), except one and two people (一人 ひとり, 二人 ふたり) and days 2 to 10 (二日 ふつか … 十日 とおか), which have native readings; 4, 7 and 9 alone are usually よん, なな, きゅう, but some words fix another reading (四時 よじ, 七時 しちじ, 九月 くがつ).

Examples

  • ひとつ・ふたつ・みっつ・よっつ・いつつ

    Hitotsu, futatsu, mittsu, yottsu, itsutsu — one, two, three, four, five | The native numbers 1 to 5, written 一つ to 五つ. They count things on their own, without another counter.

  • むっつ・ななつ・やっつ・ここのつ・とお

    Muttsu, nanatsu, yattsu, kokonotsu, tō — six, seven, eight, nine, ten | The native numbers 6 to 10. Ten is とお (十), spelt with お and without つ, and the native set ends there.

  • いち・に・さん・よん・ご

    Ichi, ni, san, yon, go — one, two, three, four, five | The Sino-Japanese numbers 1 to 5. Said alone, 4 is usually よん; し appears in fixed words such as 四月 (しがつ, 'April').

Common mistakes

  • Putting a number directly before a noun

    さんりんごをください。
    りんごを三つください。

    A number cannot stand directly before a noun as in English. For everyday things, put a native number after the noun and its particle: りんごを三つ ('three apples').

  • Adding つ to a Sino-Japanese number

    ケーキをよんつください。
    ケーキをよっつください。

    つ belongs only to the native numbers: よっつ (4), むっつ (6), やっつ (8). よん, ろく and はち need a real counter instead, such as 個 (よんこ, 'four pieces').

N5 / A1Counters numbers

Numbers 11 and above (百・千・万)

11以上の数字

From 11 upwards Japanese uses only the Sino-Japanese numbers and builds each number from the largest unit down, with 十 (じゅう, 10), 百 (ひゃく, 100), 千 (せん, 1,000) and 万 (まん, 10,000): 25 is にじゅうご, 1,500 is せんごひゃく. 100 and 1,000 are just ひゃく and せん, but 10,000 is いちまん. Five combinations change their sound: さんびゃく (300), ろっぴゃく (600), はっぴゃく (800), さんぜん (3,000), はっせん (8,000). Large numbers go in blocks of four zeros, so a million is 百万 (ひゃくまん, 100 × 10,000) and 100,000,000 is 一億 (いちおく).

Key rule

Build numbers from the largest unit down with 十, 百, 千 and 万 (1,500 = せんごひゃく); 100 and 1,000 are ひゃく and せん, but 10,000 is いちまん. Learn the five sound changes さんびゃく (300), ろっぴゃく (600), はっぴゃく (800), さんぜん (3,000), はっせん (8,000), and read large numbers in blocks of four zeros: a million is ひゃくまん.

Examples

  • じゅういち、じゅうに、じゅうさん…

    Jūichi, jūni, jūsan … — eleven, twelve, thirteen … | 11 to 19 are じゅう ('ten') followed by the unit.

  • にじゅう、さんじゅう、よんじゅう…

    Nijū, sanjū, yonjū … — twenty, thirty, forty … | The tens put the unit before じゅう. 40 and 70 are normally よんじゅう and ななじゅう.

  • ひゃく、さんびゃく、ろっぴゃく、はっぴゃく

    Hyaku, sanbyaku, roppyaku, happyaku — one hundred, three hundred, six hundred, eight hundred | 100 is ひゃく alone, without いち. 300, 600 and 800 change their sound: さんびゃく, ろっぴゃく, はっぴゃく.

Common mistakes

  • Adding いち to 100

    いちひゃく
    ひゃく

    100 is ひゃく on its own, and 1,000 is せん. 万 and 億 are different: they need いち in front, as in いちまん (10,000) and いちおく (100,000,000).

  • Missing the sound change in 300

    さんひゃく
    さんびゃく

    After さん, ひゃく becomes びゃく: さんびゃく (300). 何百 changes the same way: なんびゃく.

N5 / A1Counters numbers

Counter 〜人 (People; 一人, 二人 exceptions)

助数詞「人」

People are counted with the counter 人 (にん) after a Sino-Japanese number: 三人 (さんにん, 'three people'), 五人 (ごにん, 'five people'). The first two are irregular native words, 一人 (ひとり, 'one person') and 二人 (ふたり, 'two people'), and four people is 四人 (よにん). 'How many people?' is 何人 (なんにん). The count usually comes after the noun and its particle: 学生が三人います ('There are three students').

Key rule

Count people with 人 (にん) after a Sino-Japanese number (三人 さんにん, 五人 ごにん), except 一人 (ひとり) and 二人 (ふたり); four people is よにん. Put the count after the noun and its particle (学生が三人います) or before the noun with の (三人の学生).

Examples

  • 一人

    Hitori — one person | An irregular native reading. With で it means 'alone': 一人で.

  • 二人

    Futari — two people | An irregular native reading. 二人で means 'two together': 'the two of us' or 'the two of them'.

  • 三人

    Sannin — three people | From three on, the reading is regular: Sino-Japanese number + にん.

Common mistakes

  • Reading 一人 as いちにん

    兄がいちにんいます。
    兄がひとりいます。

    One person is ひとり, an irregular native reading. いちにん is not used to count people.

  • Reading 二人 as ににん

    姉がににんいます。
    姉がふたりいます。

    Two people is ふたり, also an irregular native reading.

N5 / A2Counters numbers

Common Counters: 枚 / 本 / 匹 / 個 / 歳

助数詞(枚・本・匹・個・歳)

Japanese counts things with a counter chosen by their shape or kind: 枚 (まい) for flat things such as paper, shirts and tickets; 本 (ほん) for long, thin things such as pens, bottles and umbrellas; 匹 (ひき) for small animals such as cats, dogs and fish; 個 (こ) for small, compact things such as eggs and apples; and 歳 (さい) for age. 枚 never changes its sound, but the others do with some numbers: いっぽん, さんぼん, ろっぽん, はっぽん, じゅっぽん (本); いっぴき, さんびき, ろっぴき, はっぴき, じゅっぴき (匹); いっこ, ろっこ, はっこ, じゅっこ (個); いっさい, はっさい, じゅっさい (歳). 20 years old is usually はたち.

Key rule

Choose the counter by the kind of thing: 枚 flat things, 本 long thin things, 匹 small animals, 個 small compact things, 歳 age (20 years old is usually はたち). 枚 never changes, but the others change with some numbers: いっぽん, さんぼん, ろっぽん, はっぽん, じゅっぽん, なんぼん (匹 in the same way: いっぴき, さんびき, なんびき …), いっこ, ろっこ, はっこ, じゅっこ, and いっさい, はっさい, じゅっさい.

Examples

  • 紙を五枚ください。

    Kami o gomai kudasai. — Five sheets of paper, please. | Paper is flat, so it takes 枚. 枚 has no sound changes: いちまい, さんまい, ろくまい.

  • ビールを三本飲みました。

    Bīru o sanbon nomimashita. — I drank three bottles of beer. | Bottles are long things, so they take 本; after 3, ほん becomes ぼん: さんぼん.

  • 一本、二本、三本、四本、五本、六本、七本、八本、九本、十本

    Ippon, nihon, sanbon, yonhon, gohon, roppon, nanahon, happon, kyūhon, juppon — one to ten long things | 1, 6, 8 and 10 take a small っ and ぽん; 3 takes ぼん. はちほん and じっぽん are also heard.

Common mistakes

  • Missing the sound change in 三本

    さんほん
    さんぼん

    After 3, 本 becomes ぼん: さんぼん. The question word changes too: 何本 (なんぼん).

  • Missing the sound change in 一匹

    いちひき
    いっぴき

    With 匹, 1 becomes いっ and ひき becomes ぴき: いっぴき. 6, 8 and 10 work the same way: ろっぴき, はっぴき, じゅっぴき.

N5 / A2Counters numbers

More Counters: 冊 / 台 / 杯 / 階

助数詞(冊・台・杯・階)

Four more everyday counters: 冊 (さつ) counts books, magazines and notebooks; 台 (だい) counts machines and vehicles such as cars, bicycles, computers and TVs; 杯 (はい) counts cups, glasses and bowls of food or drink; and 階 (かい) gives the floor of a building. 台 never changes its sound, but the others do with some numbers: いっさつ, はっさつ, じゅっさつ (冊); いっぱい, さんばい, ろっぱい, はっぱい, じゅっぱい (杯); いっかい, さんがい, ろっかい, はっかい, じゅっかい (階). Books take 冊, not 本: 本を三冊借りました ('I borrowed three books').

Key rule

Count books and magazines with 冊 (never with 本), machines and vehicles with 台, cups, glasses and bowls of food or drink with 杯 (コーヒーを一杯), and floors with 階. 台 never changes; 冊 gives いっさつ, はっさつ, じゅっさつ; 杯 changes like 本 (いっぱい, さんばい, ろっぱい, はっぱい, じゅっぱい); 階 gives いっかい, さんがい, ろっかい, はっかい, じゅっかい.

Examples

  • 本を三冊借りました。
    本を三本借りました。

    Hon o sansatsu karimashita. — I borrowed three books. | Books take 冊 (さつ). The noun 本 means 'book', but the counter 本 is for long, thin things, so 本を三本 is wrong.

  • この家には車が二台あります。

    Kono ie ni wa kuruma ga nidai arimasu. — This house has two cars. | Vehicles and machines take 台, which has no sound changes.

  • コーヒーを一杯ください。

    Kōhī o ippai kudasai. — A cup of coffee, please. | 一杯 is いっぱい: 杯 changes like 本 after 1, 3, 6, 8 and 10.

Common mistakes

  • Counting books with 本

    辞書を二本持っています。
    辞書を二冊持っています。

    Books, dictionaries and magazines are counted with 冊. The counter 本 is for long, thin things such as pens, bottles and trees.

  • Missing the sound change in 三杯

    さんはい
    さんばい

    After 3, 杯 becomes ばい: さんばい. 何杯 is なんばい.

N5 / A2Counters numbers

Time Counters: 時 / 分 / 時間

時間の助数詞

Clock times use 時 (じ, 'o'clock') and 分 (ふん or ぷん, 'minutes'): 三時十五分 ('3:15'), 八時半 ('8:30', with 半 'half'). Learn the readings 四時 (よじ), 七時 (しちじ) and 九時 (くじ); 分 is read ぷん after 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 (いっぷん, さんぷん, よんぷん, ろっぷん, はっぷん, じゅっぷん). A number of hours uses 時間 (じかん): 三時間 ('three hours'). To say when something happens, add に to the clock time (七時に起きます, 'I get up at seven'), but not to a length of time (三時間勉強します, 'I study for three hours').

Key rule

Give clock times with 時 and 分 (三時十五分, 八時半) and lengths of time with 時間 and 分 (三時間, 十分); to say when something happens, add に to the clock time (三時に会います), but not to a length of time (三時間勉強します). Learn よじ, しちじ, くじ, and ぷん after 1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 10 (いっぷん, さんぷん, よんぷん, ろっぷん, はっぷん, じゅっぷん).

Examples

  • 「今、何時ですか。」「三時です。」

    "Ima, nanji desu ka." / "Sanji desu." — "What time is it now?" / "It's three o'clock." | 何時 (なんじ) asks the clock time; the answer is number + 時.

  • 午前九時に会議があります。

    Gozen kuji ni kaigi ga arimasu. — There's a meeting at 9 a.m. | 九時 is くじ, and a clock time takes に; 午前 ('a.m.') comes before the time.

  • 四時に帰ります。

    Yoji ni kaerimasu. — I'll go home at four. | 四時 is よじ, not よんじ.

Common mistakes

  • Reading 四時 as よんじ

    よんじ
    よじ

    Four o'clock is よじ: with 時, 4 shortens to よ. 四時間 is よじかん.

  • Reading 九時 as きゅうじ

    会議はきゅうじからです。
    会議はくじからです。

    Nine o'clock is くじ, with the reading く. 九時間 is くじかん.

N5 / A1Counters numbers

Days of the Week (月曜日〜日曜日)

曜日

Each day of the week is a kanji + 曜日 (ようび): 月曜日 (げつようび, Monday), 火曜日 (かようび, Tuesday), 水曜日 (すいようび, Wednesday), 木曜日 (もくようび, Thursday), 金曜日 (きんようび, Friday), 土曜日 (どようび, Saturday), 日曜日 (にちようび, Sunday). 'What day of the week?' is 何曜日 (なんようび). To say 'on Monday', use に: 月曜日に会議があります ('There's a meeting on Monday'); with は the day becomes the topic: 土曜日は休みです ('Saturday is my day off').

Key rule

A day of the week is a kanji + 曜日: 月 (げつ) Monday, 火 (か) Tuesday, 水 (すい) Wednesday, 木 (もく) Thursday, 金 (きん) Friday, 土 (ど) Saturday, 日 (にち) Sunday; ask with 何曜日 (なんようび). Say 'on Monday' with に (月曜日に), not で, or make the day the topic with は (月曜日は).

Examples

  • 月曜日、火曜日、水曜日、木曜日、金曜日、土曜日、日曜日

    Getsuyōbi, kayōbi, suiyōbi, mokuyōbi, kin'yōbi, doyōbi, nichiyōbi — Monday to Sunday | The whole week from Monday; each day is one kanji + 曜日 (ようび).

  • 「今日は何曜日ですか。」「水曜日です。」

    "Kyō wa nan'yōbi desu ka." / "Suiyōbi desu." — "What day is it today?" / "It's Wednesday." | 何曜日 (なんようび) asks the day of the week; answer with the day + です.

  • 月曜日に会議があります。
    月曜日で会議があります。

    Getsuyōbi ni kaigi ga arimasu. — There's a meeting on Monday. | に marks the day on which something happens; で marks the place of an action, not a day.

Common mistakes

  • Reading 月曜日 with がつ

    がつようび
    げつようび

    In the day name, 月 is read げつ. がつ is the reading in month names such as 一月 (いちがつ, 'January').

  • Reading 火曜日 with ひ

    ひようび
    かようび

    In the day name, 火 is read か. ひ is the word for 'fire' on its own.

N5 / A2Counters numbers

Dates: Months (〜月) and Days (〜日, 一日/ついたち...)

月日の言い方

Months are a Sino-Japanese number + 月 (がつ): 一月 (いちがつ, January) to 十二月 (じゅうにがつ, December), with three fixed readings: 四月 (しがつ), 七月 (しちがつ), 九月 (くがつ). Days of the month are a number + 日, but the 1st to the 10th have native readings: ついたち, ふつか, みっか, よっか, いつか, むいか, なのか, ようか, ここのか, とおか. The 14th (じゅうよっか), 20th (はつか) and 24th (にじゅうよっか) are also special; all other days are number + にち, as in 十五日 (じゅうごにち), with 7 and 9 usually read しち and く: 十七日 (じゅうしちにち), 十九日 (じゅうくにち). Ask with 何月何日 (なんがつなんにち, 'what date?').

Key rule

Months are a Sino-Japanese number + 月 (がつ), with 四月 しがつ, 七月 しちがつ and 九月 くがつ. Days 1 to 10 have native readings (ついたち, ふつか … とおか), and the 14th (じゅうよっか), 20th (はつか) and 24th (にじゅうよっか) are also special; every other day is number + にち (じゅうごにち), with 7 and 9 usually read しち and く (じゅうしちにち, じゅうくにち).

Examples

  • 一月、二月、三月、四月、五月、六月、七月、八月、九月、十月、十一月、十二月

    Ichigatsu, nigatsu, sangatsu, shigatsu, gogatsu, rokugatsu, shichigatsu, hachigatsu, kugatsu, jūgatsu, jūichigatsu, jūnigatsu — January to December | Number + 月 (がつ). Learn the three fixed readings: しがつ, しちがつ, くがつ.

  • 一日、二日、三日、四日、五日、六日、七日、八日、九日、十日

    Tsuitachi, futsuka, mikka, yokka, itsuka, muika, nanoka, yōka, kokonoka, tōka — the 1st to the 10th | All ten days have native readings, which have to be learnt one by one.

  • 二十日

    Hatsuka — the 20th | Another native reading; the 21st is regular again: にじゅういちにち.

Common mistakes

  • Reading 四月 with よん

    よんがつ
    しがつ

    April is しがつ: the month names use し for 4.

  • Reading the 7th as number + にち

    ななにち
    なのか

    The 1st to the 10th have native readings; the 7th is なのか.

N5 / A2Counters numbers

Duration: 〜日間 / 〜か月 / 〜年

期間の数え方

A length of time is a number + counter, and when it says how long something lasts it takes no に. Days use 日 or 日間: one day is 一日 (いちにち), not ついたち ('the 1st'), and 2 to 10 days reuse the date readings: 二日 (ふつか), 三日 (みっか) … 十日 (とおか). Weeks use 週間 (一週間, いっしゅうかん), months use か月 (一か月, いっかげつ; 六か月, ろっかげつ), and years use 年 (four years is 四年, よねん). Adding 間 (かん, 'period') makes 'for …' clear: 三日間 ('for three days'), 三年間 ('for three years').

Key rule

Give a length of time (how long something lasts) with no に: 一日 (いちにち), 二日 (ふつか) … 十日 (とおか), 一週間 (いっしゅうかん), 一か月 (いっかげつ), 一年 (いちねん); add 間 to make 'for …' clear (三日間, 三年間). Months use か月, not 月 (三か月 'three months', 三月 'March'), with いっ, ろっ, はっ, じゅっ before かげつ, and four years is よねん.

Examples

  • 一日、二日間、三日間、四日間、五日間

    Ichinichi, futsukakan, mikkakan, yokkakan, itsukakan — one day, two days, three days, four days, five days | One day is いちにち (not ついたち); from two days on, the date readings return, here with 間.

  • 一週間、一か月、一年

    Isshūkan, ikkagetsu, ichinen — one week, one month, one year | 一週間 and 一か月 take a small っ: いっしゅうかん, いっかげつ.

  • 三日間旅行しました。

    Mikkakan ryokō shimashita. — I travelled for three days. | 三日間 is the date reading みっか + 間. It says how long the trip lasted, so no に follows it.

Common mistakes

  • Using ついたち for one day

    京都にはついたちだけいました。 (intended: I was in Kyoto for just one day.)
    京都にはいちにちだけいました。

    ついたち is the 1st of the month, so the sentence means 'I was in Kyoto only on the 1st'. One day as a length of time is いちにち (一日).

  • Adding に to a length of time

    日本に三年間に住んでいました。
    日本に三年間住んでいました。

    A length of time takes no に. に marks a point in time (2020年に) or a place (日本に).

N5 / A1Writing keigo

Hiragana Chart & Basic Reading

ひらがな一覧

Hiragana (ひらがな) is the basic Japanese script. Each of its 46 kana stands for one beat of sound (a mora): a vowel (あ a), a consonant + vowel (か ka), or ん (n). The kana are learnt in the 五十音 (gojūon, 'fifty sounds') chart: five vowels in the order a, i, u, e, o, and rows for k, s, t, n, h, m, y, r and w, where each row reads its consonant + those vowels (か・き・く・け・こ: ka, ki, ku, ke, ko), except that the y row has only や, ゆ, よ and the w row only わ, を. A few readings break the pattern: し is shi, ち is chi, つ is tsu, ふ is fu, and を is read o. Hiragana writes particles, the endings of verbs and adjectives, and words often written without kanji, such as さくら (sa-ku-ra, 'cherry blossom') and すし ('sushi').

Key rule

Each of the 46 basic hiragana is one beat: a vowel, a consonant + vowel, or ん. Read each row as its consonant + a, i, u, e, o (the や row has only や, ゆ, よ and the わ row only わ, を), except し, ち, つ, ふ, which are shi, chi, tsu, fu; the particles は, へ and を are read wa, e and o.

Examples

  • あ・い・う・え・お

    A, i, u, e, o — the five vowels. | Every row of the chart follows this vowel order, so learn it first.

  • か・き・く・け・こ

    Ka, ki, ku, ke, ko — the k-row. | A regular row: k + each vowel in the order a, i, u, e, o. Most rows work this way.

  • さ・し・す・せ・そ

    Sa, shi, su, se, so — the s-row. | し is read shi, not si; the other four follow the pattern.

Common mistakes

  • Confusing ぬ and め

    いめ
    いぬ

    ぬ and め look alike, but ぬ ends in a small loop and め does not. いぬ means 'dog'; いめ is not a word.

  • Using を inside an ordinary word

    をとこ
    おとこ

    In modern spelling, を is used only for the object particle (ほんをよむ, 'read a book'). Every other o is written お: おとこ ('man'), おかね ('money').

N5 / A1Writing keigo

Katakana Chart & Use (foreign words, onomatopoeia, emphasis)

カタカナ一覧

Katakana (カタカナ) is the second kana script. It has the same 46 basic sounds as hiragana, in the same chart order, but with straighter, more angular shapes (あ → ア, か → カ, さ → サ). It is used mainly for loanwords (コーヒー 'coffee', テレビ 'TV'), foreign names and place names (アメリカ 'America') and sound words (ワンワン 'woof'), and sometimes for emphasis, like italics in English. Long vowels in katakana loanwords are written with the bar ー: コーヒー (kōhī).

Key rule

Katakana has the same sounds as hiragana with different shapes. Use it for loanwords, foreign names and places, and sound words, and write long vowels in loanwords with ー (コーヒー, not コオヒイ).

Examples

  • コーヒー
    コオヒイ

    Kōhī — coffee. | A loanword, so it is written in katakana. Each ー lengthens the vowel before it: コー kō, ヒー hī. Writing the long vowels with オ and イ, as in コオヒイ, is wrong.

  • パソコン

    Pasokon — a personal computer. | Long loanwords are often shortened: パソコン comes from パーソナルコンピューター ('personal computer').

  • テレビ

    Terebi — television, TV. | A shortened loanword (from テレビジョン). The English v is usually written with the バ row: ビ bi.

Common mistakes

  • Writing a loanword in hiragana

    毎日てれびを見ます。
    毎日テレビを見ます。

    テレビ is a loanword (from 'television'), so it is written in katakana. A loanword in hiragana looks like a spelling mistake.

  • Confusing シ and ツ

    駅からタクツーに乗りました。
    駅からタクシーに乗りました。

    シ (shi) and ツ (tsu) look alike. In シ the short strokes are on the left and the long stroke goes up from the bottom left; in ツ they are along the top and the long stroke comes down from the top right. タクシー ('taxi') ends in シー.

N5 / A1Writing keigo

Dakuten / Handakuten (゛ ゜)

濁点・半濁点

Two small marks at the top right of a kana change its consonant. Dakuten (濁点, two short strokes ゛, informally てんてん) makes it voiced: k → g (か → が), s → z (さ → ざ), t → d (た → だ), h → b (は → ば). Handakuten (半濁点, a small circle ゜, informally まる) is used only on the は row and makes p: は → ぱ. Because し is shi, じ is ji; ぢ and づ sound the same as じ and ず (ji, zu), and ordinary words are spelt with じ and ず. The marks work the same way in katakana (ガ, パ), and they change the word: てんき ('weather') but でんき ('electricity, light').

Key rule

Dakuten ゛ turns k, s, t and h into g, z, d and b (か → が, さ → ざ, し → じ ji, た → だ, は → ば); handakuten ゜ goes only on the は row and turns h into p (は → ぱ). For the sounds ji and zu write じ and ず, except in the few words with a voiced ち or つ (はなぢ, つづく).

Examples

  • か → が

    Ka → ga — か with dakuten. | Dakuten turns k into g: か・き・く・け・こ become が・ぎ・ぐ・げ・ご.

  • さ → ざ

    Sa → za — さ with dakuten. | s → z: ざ・じ・ず・ぜ・ぞ. Because し is shi, じ is read ji.

  • た → だ

    Ta → da — た with dakuten. | t → d: だ・ぢ・づ・で・ど. ぢ and づ sound like じ and ず (ji, zu), and ordinary words use じ and ず.

Common mistakes

  • Leaving out the dakuten on が

    毎日、かっこうへ行きます。 (intended: I go to school every day.)
    毎日、がっこうへ行きます。

    がっこう ('school') starts with が, か with dakuten. Without the marks, かっこう is a different word ('appearance'), so the sentence no longer mentions school.

  • Writing ゛ instead of ゜

    えんびつで書いてください。
    えんぴつで書いてください。

    えんぴつ ('pencil') has ぴ (pi), with the small circle ゜. With the two strokes ゛ it would be び (bi), and えんびつ is not a word.

N5 / A1Writing keigo

Small Kana ゃ・ゅ・ょ・っ

小さい「やゆよ」「っ」

Some kana are written small, and then they change the sound. A small ゃ, ゅ or ょ follows a kana from the い column, the kana ending in i (き, し, ち, に, ひ, み, り, and ぎ, じ, び, ぴ), and merges with it into one beat: き + ゃ → きゃ (kya), し + ゅ → しゅ (shu), ち + ょ → ちょ (cho). A small っ (sokuon) is a short pause of one beat that doubles the next consonant: きって (kitte, 'stamp'), but きて (kite, 'come'). Katakana works the same way (キャ, シュ, ッ). Write small kana clearly smaller, because size changes the word: びょういん (byōin, 'hospital'), but びよういん (biyōin, 'beauty salon').

Key rule

A small ゃ, ゅ or ょ joins the い-column kana before it into one beat (き + ゃ → きゃ kya, し + ょ → しょ sho). A small っ adds one beat of pause and doubles the next consonant (きって kitte). Write these kana visibly smaller: written full size, they are separate sounds.

Examples

  • きゃ・きゅ・きょ

    Kya, kyu, kyo — き with small ゃ, ゅ, ょ. | Each pair of kana is one beat, not two: きょう ('today') is kyō, not ki-yō.

  • しゃ・しゅ・しょ

    Sha, shu, sho — し with small ゃ, ゅ, ょ. | Because し is shi, the combined sounds are sha, shu and sho, not sya, syu and syo.

  • ちゃ・ちゅ・ちょ

    Cha, chu, cho — ち with small ゃ, ゅ, ょ. | ち is chi, so the combined sounds start with ch: おちゃ (ocha, 'tea'), ちょっと (chotto, 'a little').

Common mistakes

  • Writing a small ょ full size

    びよういんへ行きます。 (intended: I am going to the hospital.)
    びょういんへ行きます。

    びょういん ('hospital') has a small ょ: びょ is one beat. With a full-size よ, びよういん is a different word, 'beauty salon'.

  • Leaving out っ, which changes the word

    きてを三まい買いました。
    きってを三まい買いました。

    きって ('stamp') needs the small っ. きて is the te-form of 来る ('come'), so it cannot be the object of 買いました.

N5 / A1Writing keigo

Long Vowels in Kana (おう, えい, katakana ー)

長音

In Japanese a long vowel lasts two beats, and length changes the word: おばさん (obasan, 'aunt') but おばあさん (obāsan, 'grandmother'). In hiragana a long vowel is written by adding a vowel kana: あ for a long a (おかあさん 'mother'), い for a long i (おにいさん 'older brother'), う for a long u (くうき 'air'). A long e is usually written with い (せんせい 'teacher') and a long o with う (がっこう 'school'); only a few words use ええ (おねえさん 'older sister') or おお (おおきい 'big'). In katakana loanwords a long vowel is normally written with the bar ー, whatever the vowel: コーヒー (kōhī, 'coffee').

Key rule

In hiragana, write a long vowel by adding あ, い or う (おかあさん, おにいさん, くうき); a long e is usually written えい (せんせい) and a long o おう (がっこう), except in a few words with ええ (おねえさん) or おお, such as おおきい, おおい, とおい, とお and こおり. In katakana loanwords, long vowels are normally written with ー (コーヒー).

Examples

  • がっこう
    がっこお

    Gakkō — school. | A long o is usually written with う: こ + う → こう (kō). お is used only in a short list of words such as おおきい, so がっこお is misspelt.

  • せんせい
    せんせえ

    Sensei — teacher. | A long e is usually written with い: せ + い → せい. In everyday speech it often sounds like a long e, but it is still written せい.

  • おねえさん

    Onēsan — older sister. | One of the few words that write a long e with ええ; others are ええ ('yes') and ねえ ('hey').

Common mistakes

  • Writing a long o with お

    田中さんのおとおさんは先生です。
    田中さんのおとうさんは先生です。

    Most words write a long o with う: おとうさん ('father'), がっこう, ありがとう. Only a short list uses お, such as おおきい, おおい, とおい, とお, こおり and とおる.

  • Writing a long e with え

    とけえを買いました。
    とけいを買いました。

    Most words write a long e with い: とけい ('clock'), せんせい, えいが. Only a few use え: おねえさん, ええ, ねえ.

N5 / A2Writing keigo

Kanji — Onyomi vs Kunyomi (basic concept)

音読みと訓読み(基礎)

Most kanji have two kinds of reading. The on'yomi (音読み, 'sound reading') comes from Chinese, and the kun'yomi (訓読み, 'meaning reading') is a native Japanese word with the same meaning: 水 is すい (on'yomi) and みず (kun'yomi, 'water'). A useful rule of thumb: in words of two or more kanji, the kanji are usually read with on'yomi (学生 がくせい 'student', 先生 せんせい 'teacher'); a kanji followed by hiragana endings (okurigana), or standing alone as a word, usually takes its kun'yomi (食べる たべる 'eat', 水 みず). There are many exceptions (本 alone is ほん, 名前 'name' is なまえ), so learn every word together with its reading.

Key rule

Kanji in words of two or more kanji are usually read with on'yomi (学生 がくせい); a kanji with okurigana or standing alone is usually read with kun'yomi (食べる たべる, 水 みず). This is a rule of thumb with many exceptions (本 ほん, 名前 なまえ), so learn every word together with its reading.

Examples

  • 日本

    Nihon — Japan. | A two-kanji word read with on'yomi: 日 is に (a short form of its on'yomi にち) and 本 is ほん.

  • 日

    Hi — the sun; a day. | Alone, 日 is usually read with its kun'yomi ひ. The same kanji is に in 日本 and にち in 毎日 (まいにち, 'every day').

  • 水曜日

    Suiyōbi — Wednesday. | 水 (すい) and 曜 (よう) are on'yomi; 日 is び, its kun'yomi ひ with a voicing change. Compounds can mix the two kinds of reading.

Common mistakes

  • Using the kun'yomi inside a compound

    あしたはみずようびです。
    あしたはすいようびです。

    In 水曜日 ('Wednesday'), 水 takes its on'yomi すい, as most kanji do in compounds. みず is its kun'yomi, used when 水 stands alone ('water').

  • Using the on'yomi before okurigana

    まいにちパンをしょくべます。
    まいにちパンをたべます。

    A kanji followed by okurigana is normally read with its kun'yomi: 食べる is たべる. しょく is the on'yomi of 食, used in compounds such as 食堂 (しょくどう).

N5 / A1Writing keigo

です・ます Polite Style (teineigo basics)

です・ます体(基礎)

Japanese has a polite style and a plain style. The polite style, called the です・ます style (its politeness is 丁寧語, teineigo), ends a sentence with です after nouns and adjectives and with the masu-form (〜ます) of verbs: 学生です ('I'm a student'), 高いです ('it's expensive'), 行きます ('I'll go'). Use it with adults who are not family or close friends: teachers, colleagues, shop staff and people you have just met. Verbs change ます: 行きません, 行きました, 行きませんでした. Nouns and na-adjectives change です: ではありません (or じゃないです), でした. I-adjectives (such as 高い; a few na-adjectives, such as きれい 'pretty', also end in い) change their own ending and keep です: 高くないです, 高かったです (not 高いでした). Add か to ask a question: 行きますか。

Key rule

In polite speech, end verbs in 〜ます forms (行きます, 行きませんでした) and nouns and na-adjectives in です forms (学生です, 静かでした). I-adjectives change their own ending and keep です unchanged: 高かったです, not 高いでした.

Examples

  • 私は学生です。

    Watashi wa gakusei desu. — I am a student. | Noun + です is the polite way to say 'X is Y'. In the plain style it would be 学生だ.

  • 毎日日本語を勉強します。
    毎日日本語を勉強するです。

    Mainichi Nihongo o benkyō shimasu. — I study Japanese every day. | Polite verbs use the masu-form: 勉強します. です cannot follow a verb's dictionary form, so 勉強するです is wrong.

  • この本は面白いです。

    Kono hon wa omoshiroi desu. — This book is interesting. | An i-adjective keeps its full form before です: 面白い + です.

Common mistakes

  • Adding でした after an i-adjective

    この本は面白いでした。
    この本は面白かったです。

    An i-adjective forms its own past: 面白い → 面白かった. Then add です, which stays unchanged: 面白かったです. でした goes after nouns and na-adjectives (学生でした, 静かでした), never directly after an i-adjective.

  • Using だ and です together

    私は学生だです。
    私は学生です。

    だ and です are the plain and polite forms of the same word, so they never follow each other: a noun takes だ or です, not both. In the polite style: 学生です.

N5 / A1Writing keigo

Formulaic Greetings (おはようございます、いただきます、お疲れ様...)

決まった挨拶表現

Japanese has fixed set phrases (挨拶, aisatsu) for everyday moments, and each belongs to its situation: おはようございます ('good morning'), こんにちは ('hello', in the daytime) and こんばんは ('good evening'); いただきます before eating and ごちそうさまでした after; 行ってきます when you leave home and ただいま when you come back. Many have a polite long form and a casual short form: use the long one (おはようございます, ありがとうございます) with teachers, colleagues and strangers, and the short one (おはよう, ありがとう) with family and friends. Learn each phrase together with its situation rather than as a translation of an English word.

Key rule

Each set phrase belongs to a fixed situation, and some come in pairs (行ってきます → 行ってらっしゃい, ただいま → おかえりなさい). With anyone outside your family and close friends, use the polite long form (おはようございます, ありがとうございます, ごちそうさまでした).

Examples

  • おはようございます。

    Ohayō gozaimasu. — Good morning. | The polite morning greeting for teachers, colleagues and neighbours; with family and friends, おはよう.

  • いただきます。

    Itadakimasu. — Thank you for the food. | Said before the first bite, as thanks for the food and to whoever made or paid for it. English has no set phrase for this.

  • ごちそうさまでした。

    Gochisōsama deshita. — Thank you for the meal. | Said after eating, to thank whoever cooked or paid. でした makes it polite; with your own family and close friends, the shorter ごちそうさま is also common.

Common mistakes

  • Using the casual ありがとう with a teacher

    先生、ありがとう。
    先生、ありがとうございます。

    ありがとう is for family and friends. With teachers, colleagues and strangers, use ありがとうございます, or ありがとうございました for something that is over.

  • Mixing up いただきます and ごちそうさまでした

    食べる前に「ごちそうさまでした。」と言いました。
    食べる前に「いただきます。」と言いました。

    いただきます is said before eating; ごちそうさまでした is said after eating, as thanks for the meal.

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