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A175 topics
- · Present Tense - Conjugation I in -a (no infix)
- · Present Tense - Conjugation I with -ez Infix
- · Present Tense - Conjugation II in -ea
- · Present Tense - Conjugation III in -e
A264 topics
- · Perfectul Compus (Past Tense with auxiliary a avea)
- · Irregular Past Participles (spus, scris, făcut, văzut, dat, luat)
- · Imperfectul - Formation and Endings
- · Imperfect of A fi, A avea, A vrea (eram, aveam, voiam)
B163 topics
- · Mai-mult-ca-perfect (pluperfect)
- · Viitor anterior (future perfect)
- · Prezumtiv (presumptive mood)
- · Conditional perfect (past conditional)
B267 topics
- · Perfect simplu (literary/regional past)
- · Advanced gerunziu (absolute, substantive, complex clitic)
- · Advanced supin (substantivized, e de + supin, vrednic de)
- · Advanced passive (se vs a fi, agent, stative vs dynamic)
C131 topics
- · Active use of perfect simplu in literary writing
- · Complex perfect subjunctive uses (să fi + part across registers)
- · Passive with 'de către' (formal agent marker)
- · Advanced aspectual nuances (re- prefix productivity, lexicalized aspects)
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- Present Tense - Conjugation I in -a (no infix)
- Present Tense - Conjugation I with -ez Infix
- Present Tense - Conjugation II in -ea
- Present Tense - Conjugation III in -e
- Present Tense - Conjugation IV in -i (no infix)
- Present Tense - Conjugation IV with -esc Infix
- Present Tense - A fi (to be)
- Present Tense - A avea (to have)
- Present Tense - A putea / A vrea (can / want)
- Present Tense - A trebui (impersonal 'must')
- Spoken Future - 'O să' + Conjunctiv
- Familiar Imperative - Affirmative
- Familiar Imperative - Negative
- Uses of A fi (existence, identity, location, weather, copula)
- Idiomatic A avea (am foame, am 25 de ani, am dreptate)
- Dative + A fi for Sensations and States (mi-e foame, mi-e dor)
- Existential Este / Sunt (there is / there are)
- A se numi / a chema - Introducing Yourself
- Reflexive Verbs with se - Basic
- Reflexive Verbs for Daily Routine
- A plăcea - Inverted Construction (îmi place)
- Modal A putea + Să (can, be able to, may)
- Modal A vrea + Să (want to, would like to)
- A face for Weather, Activities, Costs (Se face frig, Fac sport, Face 10 lei)
- Grammatical Gender - The Three-Way System (masc, fem, neuter)
- The Neuter Gender's Split Behaviour (masc-sg + fem-pl)
- Gender Clues from Noun Endings
- Plural Formation - Basic (-i, -e, -uri)
- Plural with Stem Alternations (carte → cărți, masă → mese)
- Adjective Agreement - Gender and Number (4-form, 3-form, 2-form)
- Adjective Position - Postnominal Default, Preposed for Emphasis
- Indefinite Article (un, o, niște)
- Postposed Definite Article (omul, casa, scaunul, scaunele)
- Postposed Definite Article - Stem Alternations and Linking Vowels
- Demonstrative Adjectives - Preposed (acest, această, acei, acele)
- Possessive Adjectives (meu, mea, mei, mele)
- Basic Quantifiers (mult, puțin, tot, fiecare, câțiva)
- Subject Pronouns and Pro-drop (eu, tu, el, ea, noi, voi, ei, ele)
- Accusative Clitic Pronouns - Direct Object Forms (mă, te, îl, o, ne, vă, îi, le)
- Dative Clitic Pronouns - Indirect Object Forms (îmi, îți, îi, ne, vă, le)
- Reflexive Pronouns - Accusative se and Dative își
- Tonic / Full-Form Pronouns (pe mine, mie, ție, lui, ei)
- Demonstrative Pronouns - Independent (acesta, aceasta, acela, aceea)
- Interrogative Pronouns (cine, ce, care, cât)
- Dumneavoastră - Polite Address (with 2pl Verb Agreement)
- Preposition LA - Locative and Directional (to, at)
- Preposition DE - Basic Uses (from, of, made of, by)
- Preposition ÎN - Basic Uses (in, inside)
- Preposition PE - Locative Use (on, on top of)
- Preposition CU - Basic Uses (with, by means of)
- Preposition PENTRU - Recipient and Purpose (for)
- LA vs ÎN with Cities and Countries
- Basic Time Prepositions (la, în, după, înainte de, peste)
- Basic Word Order (SVO) and Pro-drop
- Questions by Intonation (Informal)
- Basic Question Words (unde, când, cum, de ce, cât)
- The PE Direct-Object Marker - Introduction (with Proper Names)
- Basic Coordination (și, sau, dar, ori)
- ȘI Meaning 'Also / Too' (Focus Particle)
- Time Sequence Markers (mai întâi, apoi, după aceea, în sfârșit)
- Basic Negation with 'nu' before the Verb
- Obligatory Double Negation (nu am nimic, nu vine nimeni)
- Negative Words: nimic (nothing), niciodată (never), nicăieri (nowhere)
- Negative Pronoun nimeni (nobody) - with Obligatory pe
- NICI (neither / not even) and NICI... NICI... (neither... nor...)
- The Five Romanian Diacritics (ă, â, î, ș, ț)
- â vs î - The Position Rule (Basic)
- Ș and Ț (with comma-below, not cedilla)
- Tu vs Dumneavoastră - Choosing the Right Address
- Formal Greetings (Bună ziua, Bună dimineața, La revedere)
- Informal Greetings (Salut, Bună, Ciao, Pa)
- Recognising Romance Cognates (Latin/French/Spanish/Italian overlap)
- Awareness of the Slavic Layer in Everyday Vocabulary
- Cardinal Numbers 1-20 (with gender split at 1 and 2)
- Days of the Week and Months
- Perfectul Compus (Past Tense with auxiliary a avea)
- Irregular Past Participles (spus, scris, făcut, văzut, dat, luat)
- Imperfectul - Formation and Endings
- Imperfect of A fi, A avea, A vrea (eram, aveam, voiam)
- Literary / Standard Future (voi cânta)
- Future Periphrasis 'am să cânt'
- Conditional Present (aș cânta)
- Plural / Polite Imperative (cântați!)
- Conjugation IV in -î (a coborî, a hotărî, a urî)
- Perfect Compus vs Imperfect - Basic Choice
- De când + Present for Duration (ongoing to present)
- Trebuie să - Advanced (different persons, past, probability)
- A ști vs A cunoaște (to know — facts/skills vs people/places)
- Reciprocal Reflexives - 'Each Other' (ne vedem, vă întâlniți)
- Passive with 'se' (se vinde casa, se vorbește engleza)
- A pleca, a veni, a merge with Prepositions
- A dori, A prefera, A vrea at Conditional for Politeness
- Dative / Genitive Case - Singular Forms (omului, casei, cărții)
- Dative / Genitive Case - Plural Forms (oamenilor, caselor, scaunelor)
- Basic Genitive of Possession (cartea Mariei, casa părinților)
- Proclitic 'lui' for Masculine and Unadapted Names (cartea lui Andrei)
- Demonstrative Adjectives - Postposed (omul acesta, casa aceasta)
- Irregular Adjective Forms (bun, mic, mare, nou, vechi)
- Comparative of Adjectives (mai mare, mai puțin mare, la fel de mare)
- Relative Superlative (cel mai mare, cea mai bună)
- Irregular Comparatives and Adverb/Adjective Pairs (bun → mai bun, bine → mai bine)
- Vocative Case - Basic Forms (Ioane!, doamnă!, băiete!)
- Accusative Clitics - Placement Variants (preverbal, with auxiliary, with infinitive)
- Dative Clitics with Specific Verbs (îmi place, îți spun, îi dau)
- Basic Clitic Doubling (Îl văd pe Ion, O cunosc pe Maria)
- Order of Multiple Clitics - Basic (mi-l dă, ți-o spun, ni-i arată)
- Relative Pronoun CARE (basic uses)
- Relative 'pe care' with Resumptive Clitic (omul pe care îl văd)
- Relative Pronoun CE (and ceea ce — headless relatives)
- Distal Demonstrative Pronouns (acela, aceea, aceia, acelea + celălalt)
- Possessive Pronouns with the Possessive Article (al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele)
- A vs De + Infinitive and Supin (a face, de făcut)
- Time Prepositions: până, înainte de, după, acum
- Advanced Location Prepositions (lângă, în spatele, deasupra, sub, între, printre)
- Transport (cu mașina, pe jos, cu bicicleta)
- Mă doare + Body Parts (I have pain in X)
- De / De către / Cu as Passive Agents
- Prepositions Governing the Genitive (contra, împotriva, deasupra, înaintea, în jurul)
- Common Verb + Preposition Combinations
- Question Formation - Verb-Subject Inversion (formal/literary)
- Advanced Negation (decât, niciun / nicio, nici măcar)
- Exclamative Sentences with Ce! and Cât!
- Basic Reported Speech (Present Reporting Verb)
- Comparison Structures (decât/ca, la fel ca, diferit de, același)
- Când + Future Tense (when + future reference)
- Cause Connectors: pentru că, fiindcă, deoarece, căci
- Consequence: deci, așa că, prin urmare, atunci
- Contrast: dar, însă, totuși, în schimb, în timp ce
- Purpose: ca să + conjunctiv (in order to / so that)
- â vs î - Advanced Rules (compounds, verb forms)
- Common Homophones (sa / s-a, la / l-a, sau / s-au, ia / i-a)
- Hyphenation with Clitics (l-am, mi-l, dă-mi, văzându-se)
- Apostrophe and Elision in Spoken Forms
- Politeness with conditional (aș vrea, aș dori)
- Email greetings and closings (Stimate, Cu stimă)
- Basic false friends (a realiza, simpatic, prost)
- Cardinal numbers above 20 (obligatory 'de')
- Ordinal numbers (primul/prima, al doilea/a doua)
- Telling time and dates
- Mai-mult-ca-perfect (pluperfect)
- Viitor anterior (future perfect)
- Prezumtiv (presumptive mood)
- Conditional perfect (past conditional)
- Perfect compus vs imperfect — advanced contrasts
- Gerunziu (basic adverbial uses)
- Supin (basic uses: de făcut, de citit)
- Participle as adjective (obosit, scris, deschis)
- Imperative with object clitics (dă-mi, spune-mi)
- Common irregular verb groups (a duce, a face, a putea)
- A fi as passive auxiliary (a fost scris, este iubit)
- Modal verb nuances (a trebui, a fi nevoie, a-i veni)
- Motion verbs with directional prepositions (a urca pe, a coborî din)
- Becoming verbs (a se face, a deveni, a ajunge)
- Mental state expressions (mi-e dor de, îmi pare rău, mi-e frică)
- Dative impersonal constructions with a-i fi (mi-e cald, îi e bine)
- Aspectual verbs (a începe să, a continua să, a termina de)
- Inherently reflexive verbs (a se gândi, a-și aminti, a se teme)
- Idiomatic expressions with a-i veni (îmi vine, mi-a venit)
- Subjunctive basic structure (să + present)
- Subjunctive after modal verbs (vreau să, pot să, trebuie să)
- Subjunctive after volition (vreau ca, prefer să, doresc să)
- Subjunctive after emotion verbs (mă bucur că/să, îmi pare bine)
- Subjunctive after doubt/negation (nu cred că/să, mă îndoiesc)
- Subjunctive after impersonal expressions (e bine să, e nevoie să)
- Subjunctive for purpose (ca să, pentru ca să)
- Subjunctive in indirect commands (i-am spus să, te rog să)
- Perfect subjunctive (să fi făcut — hypothetical past)
- Irregular subjunctive forms (să fie, să aibă, să dea, să stea, să bea)
- Adjectival article 'cel' (cel mai bun, cel care, Ștefan cel Mare)
- Agreement with collective nouns (lume, mulțime, familie)
- Advanced relative pronouns (al cărui, ceea ce, cine)
- Indefinite pronouns (cineva, ceva, oricine, fiecare, unul, altul)
- Negative pronouns advanced (niciunul, niciuna, nicăieri, nici unul)
- Possessive with inanimates and abstract nouns (al cui? al ei, al casei)
- Advanced numeral agreement (amândoi, tustrei, câte doi)
- Advanced demonstratives (acela vs ăla, celălalt, același)
- Advanced temporal prepositions (în timpul, pe parcursul, de când)
- Între, printre, dintre — distinguishing 'between/among/of'
- Prepositional verbs (a se gândi la, a depinde de, a vorbi despre)
- Abstract/figurative spatial preps (în fața, în spatele, în mijlocul)
- Advanced compound prepositions (din cauza, datorită, în loc de, conform)
- Fixed prepositional expressions (din când în când, în mod, pe lângă)
- Advanced genitive-governing preps (împotriva, contra, deasupra, înaintea)
- Real conditionals (dacă + indicative)
- Unreal present conditionals (dacă aș avea, aș face)
- Past unreal conditionals (dacă aș fi știut, aș fi venit)
- Concessive clauses (deși, cu toate că, chiar dacă)
- Advanced temporal sequence (după ce, înainte ca/de, până să, în timp ce)
- Reported speech with tense shifting (mi-a zis că mergea)
- Restrictive vs non-restrictive relative clauses
- Focus and topicalization (object fronting, clitic doubling)
- Correlative pairs (cu cât... cu atât, fie... fie, atât... cât)
- Indirect questions (nu știu unde, mă întreb dacă)
- Result/consequence clauses (atât de... încât, așa de... că)
- Emphasis particles (chiar, măcar, tocmai, doar)
- Capitalization rules (titles, holidays, days/months lowercase)
- Advanced punctuation (semicolon, em-dash, quotation marks)
- Colloquial markers and discourse particles (măi, bre, hai, păi)
- Neologisms and anglicisms (job, weekend, mall, e-mail)
- Common Romanian idioms (a o lua razna, a-i pica fisa)
- Common abbreviations (dvs., d-na, str., nr., etc.)
- Large numbers, decimals, percentages (3,14; 1.000; 25%)
- Perfect simplu (literary/regional past)
- Advanced gerunziu (absolute, substantive, complex clitic)
- Advanced supin (substantivized, e de + supin, vrednic de)
- Advanced passive (se vs a fi, agent, stative vs dynamic)
- Causative construction (a face/a pune pe cineva să)
- Modal combinations (ar trebui să fi, ar fi putut să)
- Aspectual nuances (a tot face, a (re)face, iterative adverbs)
- Emphatic verb-first inversion (Sosit-a domnul...)
- Idiomatic 'a fi' expressions (a fi pe punctul de a, a fi gata să, a fi de acord)
- Advanced clitic positioning for emphasis and rhythm
- Complex se-passive/impersonal (se cuvine, se cere, ar trebui să se)
- Perception verbs (a vedea/auzi/simți + că/cum/pe X)
- Mental cognition verbs (a-și aminti, a-și da seama, a recunoaște)
- Speech & communication verbs (a vorbi cu/despre, a discuta, a anunța)
- Emotional reflexive verbs (a se bucura, a se enerva, a se îndoi)
- Change-of-state verbs (a se schimba, a se transforma, a evolua)
- Attempt, succeed, fail verbs (a încerca, a reuși, a izbuti, a rata)
- Verb + noun fixed combinations (a face curat, a da bună ziua, a lua decizia)
- Psych verbs with dative experiencer (a-i plăcea, a-i conveni, a-i păsa)
- Helping/assisting verbs (a ajuta pe X cu/la/să, a sprijini, a asista la)
- Valency alternations (transitive vs reflexive intransitive)
- Complex multi-clause coordination
- Advanced purpose clauses (cu scopul de a, astfel încât să, în vederea)
- Advanced concessive (chit că, oricât de, indiferent de)
- Discourse connectors (de altfel, în consecință, prin urmare, totuși)
- Ellipsis (gapping, sluicing, pro-drop expansions)
- Parenthetical insertion (după cum se știe, după părerea mea)
- Cleft sentences and emphasis (Andrei e cel care..., Tocmai pe el l-am)
- Advanced comparison (de două ori mai, cu cât mai... cu atât mai)
- Negative polarity items (nicicând, nicicum, niciodată, decât)
- Complex relatives with prepositions (cu care, despre care, în care)
- Advanced neuter agreement (collectives, abstracts, irregular pl)
- Agreement with coordinated subjects (Maria și Andrei sunt)
- Distributive agreement (fiecare, niciun, oricare)
- Advanced quantifier agreement (tot, întreg, jumătate, majoritatea)
- Titles and apposition (domnul profesor, doamna doctor)
- Adjective position changes meaning (un om bun vs un bun prieten)
- Complex NPs with multiple modifiers (order: number-quality-color)
- Advanced PE-marker for animate accusative (pe with proper names, pronouns)
- Archaic/formal prepositions (asupra, spre, către, dinspre)
- Idiomatic prepositional phrases (cu de-a sila, de-a lungul și de-a latul)
- Double/compound prepositions (de pe lângă, până la, dintre, de pe)
- Register shifts (formal vs colloquial prep choices)
- Means/instrument prepositions (cu, prin, fără, mulțumită)
- Complex genitive-governing preps (din pricina, la adăpostul, sub auspiciile)
- Temporal prepositions across registers (în decursul, pe parcursul, peste)
- Advanced motion/directional prepositions (în jos, în sus, înainte, înapoi)
- Advanced uses of 'de' (material, partitive, time, abstract)
- Journalistic style (headlines, passive, reporting)
- Academic discourse (research, citations, formal argumentation)
- Advanced business correspondence (formal letters, polite indirectness)
- Archaic/literary markers (din vechime, oare, demult, dară)
- Regional/dialectal variants (Moldavian, Transylvanian, Oltenian)
- Diminutives and augmentatives (-ică, -uță, -ușor, -an, -oi)
- Youth slang and modern colloquialisms (mișto, faină, super-tare)
- Taboo softening and euphemisms (moarte, boli, sex)
- Oral vs written register (contractions, ellipsis, particles)
- Subjunctive in different registers (volition, hedging, politeness)
- Humor and irony markers in Romanian
- Advanced false friends (a evita, suspicios, eventual, sensibil)
- Common collocations (a lua o decizie, a duce o viață, a avea sens)
- Register-marked synonyms (a începe vs a debuta vs a porni)
- Technical domain vocabulary (IT, medicine, business, law)
- Advanced hyphenation (compounds, line breaks, names)
- Advanced â / î rules (initial/final î, internal â)
- Roman numerals in Romanian (centuries, monarchs, chapters)
- Complex date/time intervals and historical dates
- Active use of perfect simplu in literary writing
- Complex perfect subjunctive uses (să fi + part across registers)
- Passive with 'de către' (formal agent marker)
- Advanced aspectual nuances (re- prefix productivity, lexicalized aspects)
- Perfect gerunziu (fi cântat — having sung)
- Stylistic verb inversions for emphasis
- Complex modal chains and stacked auxiliaries
- Deeply nested subordination (hypotaxis)
- Marked word order for emphasis/focus (OVS, OSV, fronting)
- Periodic vs loose sentence structure (literary)
- Anaphora and discourse cohesion (pronouns, demonstratives, ellipsis)
- Advanced subordinating conjunctions (întrucât, dat fiind că, atâta vreme cât)
- Rhetorical devices (parallelism, antithesis, anaphora, chiasmus)
- Presupposition and implicature in Romanian
- Speech acts and cultural conventions (apology, request, refusal)
- Politeness strategies and face-saving
- Philosophical and abstract register
- Literary devices in prose (metaphor, metonymy, synesthesia)
- Advanced discourse markers (mna, oricum, pur și simplu)
- Sociolects (urban/rural, generational, professional)
- Etymology layers (Latin, Slavic, Turkish, Hungarian, French)
- Advanced neologisms and their grammatical adaptation
- Lexical sophistication (precise synonym choice for nuance)
- Romanian idioms and proverbs (cultural knowledge)
- Advanced diacritics mastery (ă, â, î, ș, ț in derivation)
- Elevated register vocabulary (a rezida, a contempla, a se confrunta)
- Romanian literary canon references (Eminescu, Caragiale, Sadoveanu)
- Historical periods of Romania (medieval, modern, interwar, communist)
- Romanian folk traditions and mythology
- Orthodox Christian references in everyday language
- Romanian intellectual tradition (Junimea, philosophy, current debates)
What the romanian guide covers
Verb tenses (52) · Verb usage (37) · Prepositions (31) · Agreement (29) · Syntax connectors (29) · Register (25) · Pronouns (20) · Vocabulary (16) · Syntax (14) · Orthography (12) · Subjunctive (10) · Numbers dates time (9) · Connectors (8) · Determiners (6) · Vocabulary usage (2)
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