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Verb tenses
- Present Tense - Conjugation I in -a (no infix)
- Present Tense - Conjugation I with -ez Infix
- Present Tense - Conjugation II in -ea
- Present Tense - Conjugation III in -e
- Present Tense - Conjugation IV in -i (no infix)
- Present Tense - Conjugation IV with -esc Infix
- Present Tense - A fi (to be)
- Present Tense - A avea (to have)
- Present Tense - A putea / A vrea (can / want)
- Present Tense - A trebui (impersonal 'must')
- Spoken Future - 'O să' + Conjunctiv
- Familiar Imperative - Affirmative
- Familiar Imperative - Negative
Verb usage
- Uses of A fi (existence, identity, location, weather, copula)
- Idiomatic A avea (am foame, am 25 de ani, am dreptate)
- Dative + A fi for Sensations and States (mi-e foame, mi-e dor)
- Existential Este / Sunt (there is / there are)
- A se numi / a chema - Introducing Yourself
- Reflexive Verbs with se - Basic
- Reflexive Verbs for Daily Routine
- A plăcea - Inverted Construction (îmi place)
- Modal A putea + Să (can, be able to, may)
- Modal A vrea + Să (want to, would like to)
- A face for Weather, Activities, Costs (Se face frig, Fac sport, Face 10 lei)
Prepositions
- Preposition LA - Locative and Directional (to, at)
- Preposition DE - Basic Uses (from, of, made of, by)
- Preposition ÎN - Basic Uses (in, inside)
- Preposition PE - Locative Use (on, on top of)
- Preposition CU - Basic Uses (with, by means of)
- Preposition PENTRU - Recipient and Purpose (for)
- LA vs ÎN with Cities and Countries
- Basic Time Prepositions (la, în, după, înainte de, peste)
Syntax
- Basic Word Order (SVO) and Pro-drop
- Questions by Intonation (Informal)
- Basic Question Words (unde, când, cum, de ce, cât)
- The PE Direct-Object Marker - Introduction (with Proper Names)
- Basic Negation with 'nu' before the Verb
- Obligatory Double Negation (nu am nimic, nu vine nimeni)
- Negative Words: nimic (nothing), niciodată (never), nicăieri (nowhere)
- Negative Pronoun nimeni (nobody) - with Obligatory pe
Agreement
- Grammatical Gender - The Three-Way System (masc, fem, neuter)
- The Neuter Gender's Split Behaviour (masc-sg + fem-pl)
- Gender Clues from Noun Endings
- Plural Formation - Basic (-i, -e, -uri)
- Plural with Stem Alternations (carte → cărți, masă → mese)
- Adjective Agreement - Gender and Number (4-form, 3-form, 2-form)
- Adjective Position - Postnominal Default, Preposed for Emphasis
Pronouns
- Subject Pronouns and Pro-drop (eu, tu, el, ea, noi, voi, ei, ele)
- Accusative Clitic Pronouns - Direct Object Forms (mă, te, îl, o, ne, vă, îi, le)
- Dative Clitic Pronouns - Indirect Object Forms (îmi, îți, îi, ne, vă, le)
- Reflexive Pronouns - Accusative se and Dative își
- Tonic / Full-Form Pronouns (pe mine, mie, ție, lui, ei)
- Demonstrative Pronouns - Independent (acesta, aceasta, acela, aceea)
- Interrogative Pronouns (cine, ce, care, cât)
Determiners
- Indefinite Article (un, o, niște)
- Postposed Definite Article (omul, casa, scaunul, scaunele)
- Postposed Definite Article - Stem Alternations and Linking Vowels
- Demonstrative Adjectives - Preposed (acest, această, acei, acele)
- Possessive Adjectives (meu, mea, mei, mele)
- Basic Quantifiers (mult, puțin, tot, fiecare, câțiva)
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Connectors
Orthography
Vocabulary usage
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Present Tense - Conjugation I in -a (no infix)
Prezent - Conjugarea I în -a (fără sufix)
Romanian verbs are sorted into four 'conjugations' based on how the infinitive ends. The first conjugation contains all verbs whose infinitive ends in -a, such as a cânta (to sing), a învăța (to learn), and a pleca (to leave). Many of these verbs attach the personal endings directly to the stem: nothing for eu, -i for tu, -ă for el/ea, -ăm for noi, -ați for voi, and -ă again for ei/ele. The third-person singular and the third-person plural look exactly the same — only the context tells you which one is meant. Many of the highest-frequency Romanian verbs sit in this class.
Key rule
Conj I -a verbs without -ez: drop -a, then add -∅, -i, -ă, -ăm, -ați, -ă. The 3sg and 3pl forms are identical.
Examples
- Eu cânt o melodie.Eu cânta o melodie.
First-person singular has no ending: cânt, not the infinitive cânta.
- Tu înveți româna.Tu învață româna.
Second-person singular ends in -i: înveți. (învață is the 3sg/3pl form.)
- El pleacă mâine.El pleci mâine.
Third-person singular uses -ă (pleacă); -i belongs to tu. Note the stem alternation plec- → pleac-.
Common mistakes
Using the infinitive instead of conjugating
Eu cânta o melodieEu cânt o melodieUnlike English, Romanian requires the verb to be conjugated for each person. The bare infinitive cannot stand as the main verb.
Mixing up the tu (-i) and el/ea (-ă) endings
Tu pleacă / El pleciTu pleci / El pleacăTu always ends in -i in this class; el/ea always ends in -ă. Swapping them is the single most common A1 error.
Present Tense - Conjugation I with -ez Infix
Prezent - Conjugarea I cu sufixul -ez
A large group of Conjugation I -a verbs takes the special infix -ez in four of the six present-tense forms. Verbs like a lucra (to work), a dansa (to dance), a desena (to draw), and a fuma (to smoke) follow this pattern: eu lucrez, tu lucrezi, el lucrează, noi lucrăm, voi lucrați, ei lucrează. Notice that -ez appears in the singular and the 3pl (lucrez, lucrezi, lucrează, lucrează) but NOT in noi or voi (lucrăm, lucrați). The -ez infix is a 'thematic suffix' that is roughly as common as the no-infix pattern, and most newly coined or borrowed verbs default to it (a clicka → clichez, a googli → googlez).
Key rule
Conj I -a verbs with -ez: drop -a, then add -ez, -ezi, -ează, -ăm, -ați, -ează. The infix -ez appears in the singular and 3pl but disappears in noi and voi.
Examples
- Eu lucrez la birou.Eu lucr la birou.
First-person singular of a lucra requires the -ez infix: lucrez. The bare-stem 1sg only appears for no-infix verbs (cânt, plec).
- Tu dansezi bine.Tu dansi bine.
Tu of a dansa takes -ezi: dansezi. Without -ez, 2sg would be the wrong pattern.
- El desenează frumos.El desenă frumos.
3sg of a desena takes -ează: desenează. The bare -ă ending belongs to no-infix verbs.
Common mistakes
Forgetting -ez in the singular forms
Eu lucr, tu lucri, el lucrăEu lucrez, tu lucrezi, el lucreazăVerbs in this subclass require -ez in 1sg, 2sg, 3sg and 3pl. Treating them like no-infix verbs (cânt, plec) is the single most common A1 mistake here.
Keeping -ez in noi and voi
Noi lucrezăm / Voi lucrezațiNoi lucrăm / Voi lucrațiThe infix -ez disappears in noi and voi; these forms take only -ăm and -ați on the bare stem.
Present Tense - Conjugation II in -ea
Prezent - Conjugarea a II-a în -ea
The second conjugation is a small but very important class: it contains verbs whose infinitive ends in -ea, like a vedea (to see), a putea (to be able), a bea (to drink), and a tăcea (to be quiet). The endings are different from Conjugation I: eu văd, tu vezi, el vede, noi vedem, voi vedeți, ei văd. Two important features: (1) the 1sg and 3pl forms are IDENTICAL (eu văd = ei văd) — this is the opposite of Conjugation I, where 3sg and 3pl are identical. (2) The 3sg ends in -e (vede), not in -ă like Conj I (cântă). Most Conj-II verbs are short, very common, and often slightly irregular at the level of the stem.
Key rule
Conj II -ea verbs: drop -ea, then add -∅, -i, -e, -em, -eți, -∅. The 1sg and 3pl forms are identical; the 3sg ends in -e (not -ă).
Examples
- Eu văd un câine.Eu vedă un câine.
1sg of a vedea is văd (zero ending on the alternated stem). The form vedă does not exist.
- Tu vezi filmul?Tu vede filmul?
2sg uses -i on a softened stem: vezi (not vede, which is 3sg).
- El vede totul.El vedă totul.
3sg ends in -e (vede); Conj I's -ă ending does not apply here.
Common mistakes
Treating Conj II like Conj I and using -ă in 3sg
El vedă, ea putpăEl vede, ea poateConj II's 3sg ending is -e, not -ă. Conj I (cântă) and Conj II (vede) split on this point.
Not recognising that 1sg and 3pl look identical
Trying to make 3pl with a different ending: ei *văd-uri / ei *văd-iriei văd (same as eu văd)In Conj II, 1sg and 3pl share the same form. Disambiguation comes from the subject pronoun or context.
Present Tense - Conjugation III in -e
Prezent - Conjugarea a III-a în -e
The third conjugation contains verbs whose infinitive ends in -e (not -ea), such as a face (to do/make), a merge (to go), a scrie (to write), a zice (to say), a spune (to tell), and a pune (to put). The endings are: eu fac, tu faci, el face, noi facem, voi faceți, ei fac. Just like Conjugation II, the 1sg and 3pl forms are identical (eu fac = ei fac). The 3sg ends in -e (face), which is the same form as the infinitive minus 'a'. Many of the highest-frequency Romanian verbs are in this class, so this pattern is one of the most important to memorise early.
Key rule
Conj III -e verbs: drop -e, then add -∅, -i, -e, -em, -eți, -∅. 1sg = 3pl (eu fac = ei fac). The 3sg ends in -e, never in -ă.
Examples
- Eu fac o prăjitură.Eu facă o prăjitură.
1sg of a face = fac (zero ending on the bare stem). The -ă ending belongs to Conj I (cântă), not here.
- Tu mergi la școală?Tu merge la școală?
2sg uses -i: mergi. The form merge is 3sg (el merge).
- El scrie o scrisoare.El scriă o scrisoare.
3sg of a scrie = scrie (-e ending). There is no -ă form in this class.
Common mistakes
Confusing Conj III with Conj I and using -ă in 3sg
El facă, ea mergăEl face, ea mergeConj III's 3sg ending is -e, not -ă. The infinitive itself ends in -e and the 3sg keeps the same vowel.
Not recognising that 1sg and 3pl are identical
Trying to invent a different 3pl form: ei *facă, ei *facurăei fac (same as eu fac)In Conj III (and II), 1sg and 3pl share the form. The subject pronoun or context tells you which is meant.
Present Tense - Conjugation IV in -i (no infix)
Prezent - Conjugarea a IV-a în -i (fără sufix)
The fourth conjugation contains verbs whose infinitive ends in -i, like a dormi (to sleep), a veni (to come), a fugi (to run), a auzi (to hear), and a ieși (to exit). The endings are: eu dorm, tu dormi, el doarme, noi dormim, voi dormiți, ei dorm. Like Conj II and Conj III, the 1sg and 3pl forms are identical (eu dorm = ei dorm). The 3sg ending is -e (doarme), often with a stem alternation (dorm → doarm). Many Conj-IV verbs are short and irregular at the stem level. Importantly, not every -i verb belongs to this no-infix subclass — most -i verbs actually take the -esc infix and are treated in the next tag.
Key rule
Conj IV -i verbs without -esc: drop -i, then add -∅, -i, -e, -im, -iți, -∅. 1sg = 3pl. The 3sg often shows a stem alternation (dorm → doarme, mor → moare).
Examples
- Eu dorm opt ore pe noapte.Eu dormi opt ore pe noapte.
1sg of a dormi = dorm (zero ending). The form dormi with -i is 2sg.
- Tu vii la petrecere?Tu vi la petrecere?
2sg of a veni = vii (with double -ii because the stem ends in a vowel: vin- + -i → vii after softening).
- Copilul doarme acum.Copilul dormă acum.
3sg of a dormi = doarme (-e ending plus stem alternation dorm- → doarm-). The form dormă does not exist.
Common mistakes
Trying to apply Conj-III -em/-eți in 1pl/2pl
Noi dormem, voi dormețiNoi dormim, voi dormițiConj IV uses -im and -iți (with -i-) in 1pl/2pl, not -em/-eți. The vowel matches the infinitive's -i.
Forgetting the stem alternation in 3sg
El dormă, ea morește, copilul fugăEl doarme, ea moare, copilul fugeConj-IV no-infix verbs often alternate the stem vowel before -e: dorm- → doarm-, mor- → moar-. The alternation is triggered by stress + the front-vowel ending.
Present Tense - Conjugation IV with -esc Infix
Prezent - Conjugarea a IV-a cu sufixul -esc
Most Conjugation IV -i verbs take the special infix -esc in the singular and 3pl forms: eu citesc, tu citești, el citește, noi citim, voi citiți, ei citesc. The infix -esc appears in eu/tu/el/ei (the same four forms that -ez appears in for Conjugation I), and disappears in noi and voi. This pattern covers very high-frequency verbs like a citi (to read), a vorbi (to speak), a iubi (to love), a folosi (to use), a sfârși (to finish), a privi (to look), and most newly coined or borrowed verbs that end in -i (a clica, a printa, a downloada use -ez since they end in -a; but those that end in -i use -esc).
Key rule
Conj IV -i verbs with -esc: drop -i, then add -esc, -ești, -ește, -im, -iți, -esc. The infix -esc appears in singular and 3pl but disappears in noi and voi. 1sg = 3pl.
Examples
- Eu citesc o carte interesantă.Eu cit o carte interesantă.
1sg of a citi requires -esc: citesc. Without it, the verb would look no-infix, which doesn't fit a citi.
- Tu vorbești bine româna.Tu vorbi bine româna.
2sg requires -ești: vorbești. The bare 2sg vorbi exists only for no-infix Conj-IV verbs (a fugi → fugi, a veni → vii).
- Maria iubește literatura.Maria iubă literatura.
3sg requires -ește: iubește. The -ă ending belongs to Conj I, not Conj IV.
Common mistakes
Forgetting -esc in the singular and 3pl forms
Eu vorbi, tu vorbi, el vorbieEu vorbesc, tu vorbești, el vorbeșteThe -esc subclass requires the infix in all four marked forms. Treating these verbs as no-infix (like a dormi) is the most common A1 error here.
Keeping -esc in noi and voi
Noi vorbescim, voi vorbescațiNoi vorbim, voi vorbițiThe infix -esc disappears entirely in noi/voi; these forms use only -im / -iți on the bare stem.
Present Tense - A fi (to be)
Prezent - A fi
A fi (to be) is the most common and most irregular verb in Romanian. Its forms are completely unpredictable from the infinitive: eu sunt, tu ești, el/ea este (or just 'e' in everyday speech), noi suntem, voi sunteți, ei/ele sunt. Notice that 1sg and 3pl are identical (sunt). Unlike Spanish, Romanian has only ONE verb for 'to be' — a fi covers identity (sunt profesor), location (sunt acasă), state (sunt obosit), and weather (e frig). It is also the helping verb for the passive (sunt iubit) and a few compound moods. Memorise these forms early — you will use them in almost every sentence.
Key rule
A fi: eu sunt, tu ești, el/ea este (or 'e'), noi suntem, voi sunteți, ei/ele sunt. 1sg and 3pl are identical. Single verb for all 'to be' meanings.
Examples
- Eu sunt din România.Eu este din România.
1sg of a fi = sunt. 'Este' is 3sg only.
- Tu ești foarte amabil.Tu sunteți foarte amabil.
2sg singular = ești. Sunteți is 2pl (or polite singular addressing one person with dumneavoastră).
- Ea este profesoară.Ea ești profesoară.
3sg = este; ești is 2sg.
Common mistakes
Confusing ești (2sg) with sunteți (2pl/polite)
Doamnă, tu ești de la București?Doamnă, sunteți de la București?Polite address requires 2pl forms even when addressing one person. Ești is reserved for close/informal singular relationships.
Using este for 1sg or 3pl
Eu este profesor / Ei este aiciEu sunt profesor / Ei sunt aiciEste is exclusively 3sg. 1sg and 3pl share the form 'sunt'.
Present Tense - A avea (to have)
Prezent - A avea
A avea (to have) is the second most important irregular verb in Romanian, after a fi. Its forms are: eu am, tu ai, el/ea are, noi avem, voi aveți, ei/ele au. Almost all short and monosyllabic — easy to pronounce but easy to forget. A avea covers possession (am o carte), age (am 25 de ani — literally 'I have 25 years'), and many idiomatic states (am foame = I'm hungry, am frig = I'm cold). It is also the auxiliary verb used to form the everyday past tense (perfectul compus: am cântat = I sang) and one of the future forms (am să cânt = I will sing). Memorise these short forms — you will use them constantly.
Key rule
A avea: eu am, tu ai, el/ea are, noi avem, voi aveți, ei/ele au. Used for possession, age, hunger/thirst/cold, and as the auxiliary for the past tense (am cântat) and one future form (am să cânt).
Examples
- Am o întrebare.Eu are o întrebare.
1sg of a avea = am, not are. Are is 3sg only.
- Ai timp acum?Ai timp acuma? (use sparingly)
2sg of a avea = ai. Acum is the standard form; acuma is colloquial.
- Sora mea are doi copii.Sora mea au doi copii.
3sg = are. Au is 3pl only.
Common mistakes
Saying 'sunt' instead of 'am' for age, hunger, etc.
Sunt 25 de ani / Sunt foameAm 25 de ani / Mi-e foame sau Am foameAge, hunger, thirst, fear and several physiological/affective states use a avea, not a fi (or the dative pattern mi-e foame, taught in a related tag). Calque-translating English 'I am' fails systematically.
Confusing are (3sg) with au (3pl)
El au o problemă / Ei are o problemăEl are o problemă / Ei au o problemăAre is exclusively 3sg; au is exclusively 3pl. The two forms are short and easy to swap.
Present Tense - A putea / A vrea (can / want)
Prezent - A putea / A vrea
A putea (can / to be able) and a vrea (to want) are the two most important modal verbs at A1. They are taught together because they share a key Romanian feature: both are followed by 'să' + the subjunctive form of the next verb (not by the infinitive, as in English or French). A putea: eu pot, tu poți, el poate, noi putem, voi puteți, ei pot. A vrea: eu vreau, tu vrei, el vrea, noi vrem, voi vreți, ei vor. Important: ei vor (not 'vreau' like 1sg!) is the most surprising form. Example: Vreau să merg = I want to go; Pot să vin = I can come.
Key rule
A putea (pot, poți, poate, putem, puteți, pot) and a vrea (vreau, vrei, vrea, vrem, vreți, vor) are both followed by 'să' + conjunctiv (not by the infinitive). Note vrea's irregular 3pl: vor.
Examples
- Pot să vin mâine.Pot a veni mâine.
Modern Romanian uses pot + să + conjunctiv (pot să vin), not pot + infinitive. The 'pot a veni' form is archaic/formal.
- Vreau să dorm.Vreau dormi.
Vreau must be followed by să + conjunctiv (să dorm), not by a bare infinitive or present indicative.
- Vrei o cafea?Vrei să o cafea?
When the complement is a noun (not a verb), no 'să' is needed: Vrei o cafea? Use să only before a verb.
Common mistakes
Using the infinitive after pot / vreau (English/French calque)
Pot veni / Vreau mergePot să vin / Vreau să mergRomanian replaces the bare infinitive with să + conjunctiv after modals and verbs of desire. This is one of the central syntactic features of the language.
Confusing pot (1sg/3pl) and poate (3sg)
El pot, ei poateEl poate, ei potA putea uses pot in 1sg and 3pl, but poate in 3sg (with stem alternation). The two short forms are easy to swap.
Present Tense - A trebui (impersonal 'must')
Prezent - A trebui (impersonal)
A trebui (must / have to) is used in a special impersonal way: the verb itself NEVER changes — it is always 'trebuie'. What changes is the conjunctiv form of the verb that comes after it. So you say: Trebuie să cânt (I must sing), Trebuie să cânți (you must sing), Trebuie să cântăm (we must sing) — same 'trebuie' every time, only the second verb shifts for person. This is very different from English 'must' (which doesn't change either) or from French 'devoir' (which conjugates fully). The negative is 'nu trebuie să' (you don't have to / you mustn't, depending on context).
Key rule
A trebui in impersonal use: 'trebuie' is invariable, always 3sg. Person/number is carried by the conjunctiv verb that follows: trebuie să + conjunctiv.
Examples
- Trebuie să plec acum.Trebuiesc să plec acum.
'Trebuie' never inflects for person; the form is fixed. The change happens in the conjunctiv that follows (să plec = 1sg).
- Trebuie să mănânci mai mult.Trebuieți să mănânci mai mult.
There is no 2sg form *trebuieți. Only the conjunctiv 'mănânci' marks 2sg.
- Maria trebuie să citească instrucțiunile.Maria trebuiește să citească instrucțiunile.
Same fixed 'trebuie'; the subordinate verb (citească) carries the person info.
Common mistakes
Trying to conjugate trebuie for person
Eu *trebuiesc, tu *trebuiești, noi *trebuimTrebuie (for all subjects, in the impersonal use)In impersonal use, trebuie is fixed. Conjugating it produces forms that look like a regular Conj IV verb but are ungrammatical in this construction.
Using a bare infinitive after trebuie (English/French calque)
Trebuie pleca / trebuie a plecaTrebuie să plec / trebuie să plece (depending on subject)Modern Romanian requires să + conjunctiv after trebuie. The archaic infinitive form (trebuie a pleca) is no longer used except in very formal writing.
Spoken Future - 'O să' + Conjunctiv
Viitorul popular - 'o să' + conjunctiv
The most common future tense in spoken Romanian is built with the invariable particle 'o' + 'să' + a conjunctiv verb. The structure is: o să + conjunctiv. So: O să cânt (I will sing), O să cânți (you will sing), O să cânte (he/she/they will sing), O să cântăm (we will sing), O să cântați (you will sing). Notice that 'o' and 'să' never change — only the verb at the end changes for person. This is the future you will hear most often in conversation; the more formal 'voi cânta' is taught at A2.
Key rule
Spoken future: invariable 'o' + 'să' + conjunctiv. Only the final verb changes for person. 3sg and 3pl conjunctiv are identical.
Examples
- Mâine o să plec la mare.Mâine plec la mare. (only OK if context = imminent future)
Both are grammatical, but 'o să plec' explicitly marks future. The bare present can imply future only with a clear time word.
- O să vin la cinci.Am să vin la cinci. (less idiomatic at A1)
Both work, but 'o să vin' is the everyday form. 'Am să vin' is also spoken but slightly less universal.
- Tu o să mă aștepți?Tu o să aștepți pe mine?
Direct object pronoun 'mă' attaches to the conjunctiv verb. 'Pe mine' would require clitic doubling, which is a separate structure.
Common mistakes
Trying to inflect 'o' for person
Om merge, oți merge, or mergeO merge in every person (it never changes)The 'o' is fully invariable in this construction. It is grammaticalised as a future particle, not a verb form.
Forgetting the 'să' between 'o' and the verb
O merg mâine / O cânte eiO să merg mâine / O să cânte eiThe 'să' is obligatory; it marks the following verb as conjunctiv. Without it the structure is ungrammatical.
Familiar Imperative - Affirmative
Imperativ familiar afirmativ
The familiar imperative (used with 'tu') gives a command, request, or suggestion to one person you know well. The form depends on the conjugation: for many verbs in Conj I and Conj IV-esc, the singular imperative looks like the 3sg present (Cântă! = Sing!, Citește! = Read!). For Conj II, III, and Conj IV without -esc, the singular imperative looks like the 2sg present (Vezi! = See!, Mergi! = Go!, Dormi! = Sleep!). A handful of high-frequency verbs have irregular short imperatives: fii! (be!), ai! (have!), vino! (come!), fă! (do/make!), du! (carry!), zi! (say!), dă! (give!), ia! (take!). For polite or plural address, use the 2pl present form: Cântați! Mergeți!
Key rule
Familiar singular imperative: 3sg present for Conj I & IV-esc (Cântă! Citește!); 2sg present for Conj II, III & IV no-esc (Vezi! Mergi! Dormi!). Memorise the irregulars: fii, ai, vino, fă, du, zi, dă, ia.
Examples
- Cântă pentru noi!Cânte pentru noi! / Cânți pentru noi!
A cânta (Conj I) → familiar imperative = 3sg present = cântă. The forms 'cânte' (conjunctiv) and 'cânți' (2sg indicative) are not imperatives.
- Citește mai tare!Citi mai tare! / Citește (always like 3sg of -esc verbs)
A citi (Conj IV -esc) → familiar imperative = 3sg present = citește. Correctly formed; the incorrect example shows the bare infinitive without 'a'.
- Mergi acolo!Merge acolo!
A merge (Conj III) → familiar imperative = 2sg present = mergi. Merge is 3sg present, NOT the imperative for Conj III verbs.
Common mistakes
Using the infinitive (with or without 'a') as an imperative
A cânta! / Cânta!Cântă!The infinitive is not used for commands in modern Romanian. The imperative has its own dedicated form. (The negative imperative DOES look like the infinitive, but that's a separate construction.)
Using the 3sg present as imperative for Conj II/III/IV-no-esc verbs
Merge!, Doarme!, Vede!Mergi!, Dormi!, Vezi!For these classes the imperative is the 2sg present, not the 3sg. Confusing the two is the central A1 imperative error.
Familiar Imperative - Negative
Imperativ familiar negativ
Saying 'don't!' to one person you know well uses a DIFFERENT verb form from the affirmative imperative. The structure is: 'nu' + the INFINITIVE (without 'a'). So: Nu cânta! (Don't sing!), Nu pleca! (Don't leave!), Nu veni! (Don't come!), Nu face! (Don't make!), Nu fi! (Don't be!). This is one of the most Romanian-distinctive features: where you'd expect 'Nu cântă!' by analogy with the affirmative 'Cântă!', the language uses the infinitive instead. For polite or plural address, the negative is regular: nu + 2pl present (Nu cântați! Nu mergeți!).
Key rule
Negative familiar imperative: nu + infinitive (without 'a'). Nu cânta! Nu merge! Nu veni! Nu face! Pronouns go BEFORE the verb: Nu-mi spune!
Examples
- Nu cânta atât de tare!Nu cântă atât de tare!
The negative familiar imperative is the infinitive (cânta), NOT the affirmative imperative form (cântă).
- Nu merge pe acolo!Nu mergi pe acolo!
Negative imperative = infinitive 'merge', not the affirmative imperative 'mergi'. The two look almost identical but differ in the final vowel.
- Nu veni cu noi!Nu vino cu noi!
Negative = infinitive 'veni'. The affirmative imperative 'vino' is unique to the positive command.
Common mistakes
Using the affirmative imperative form in negative commands
Nu cântă!, Nu mergi!, Nu vino!, Nu fă!Nu cânta!, Nu merge!, Nu veni!, Nu face!Romanian's most distinctive imperative rule: the negative familiar imperative uses the INFINITIVE (without 'a'), NOT the affirmative imperative form. The pattern is unique to the language.
Attaching pronouns enclitically (as in the affirmative)
Nu spune-mi! / Nu cheamă-mă!Nu-mi spune! / Nu mă chema!In the negative imperative, pronouns precede the verb (and may be hyphenated to 'nu' if they begin with a vowel: nu-mi, nu-l). The enclitic attachment is exclusive to the affirmative.
Uses of A fi (existence, identity, location, weather, copula)
Utilizările verbului a fi
Romanian uses just ONE verb — a fi — for everything that Spanish splits between ser and estar, French covers with être, and English with be. With a fi you say who you are (Sunt profesor), where you are (Sunt acasă), how you feel (Sunt obosit), what time it is (E ora cinci), and what the weather is doing (E frig). The colloquial 3sg form 'e' is extremely common in speech; the formal 'este' is the same word in writing.
Key rule
A fi = single verb for identity, location, state, weather, time, cost. No article before profession nouns (sunt profesor). 3sg has two stylistic variants: e (colloquial) and este (formal).
Examples
- Sunt profesoară.Sunt o profesoară.
Profession nouns after a fi take no article: Sunt profesoară, not 'Sunt o profesoară'. (The article would mark non-defining specification.)
- Sunt din Cluj.Eu vin din Cluj. (in answer to 'where are you from?')
Origin uses a fi + din: Sunt din Cluj. 'Vin din Cluj' means 'I am coming from Cluj' (movement).
- Maria este la birou.Maria stă la birou. (different meaning)
Location uses a fi: este la birou (= she is at the office). 'Stă' means 'stays/lives at' or 'is sitting'.
Common mistakes
Adding an article before profession nouns
Sunt un profesor / Este o studentăSunt profesor / Este studentăProfession, nationality and role nouns after a fi normally have NO article. Adding 'un/o' is a French/English calque.
Using a fi for age, hunger, etc.
Sunt 30 de ani / Sunt foameAm 30 de ani / Mi-e foame (or Am foame)Age and physiological states use a avea or the dative + a fi (mi-e foame). A fi here is a calque from English.
Idiomatic A avea (am foame, am 25 de ani, am dreptate)
Expresii cu a avea
Romanian uses a avea for many things English expresses with 'be' or other verbs. The most important ones at A1 are: AGE (Am 25 de ani = I am 25 years old, literally 'I have 25 years'), HUNGER/THIRST (Am foame = I am hungry, Am sete = I am thirsty), BEING RIGHT/WRONG (Am dreptate = I am right), FEAR (Am frică = I am afraid), NEED (Am nevoie de = I need), TIME (Am timp = I have time), and MOOD/DESIRE (Am chef de = I feel like). Each of these follows the same pattern: a avea + an abstract noun, with no article.
Key rule
A avea + abstract noun (no article) for: age (am ... de ani), hunger/thirst (foame, sete), right/wrong (dreptate), fear (frică), need (nevoie de), time (timp), mood (chef de). Negation: nu am.
Examples
- Am 25 de ani.Sunt 25 de ani. / Am 25 ani.
Age uses a avea + 'de' before the noun for numbers ≥ 20. For 1-19: am 19 ani (no 'de').
- Am foame.Sunt foame. / Am o foame.
Hunger uses 'am foame' with no article. Adding 'o' is ungrammatical here.
- Tu ai dreptate.Tu ești drept.
Being right = ai dreptate. 'Drept' is a different word (= straight / fair adjective).
Common mistakes
Using a fi for states that take a avea (English calque)
Sunt foame / Sunt 25 de ani / Sunt fricăAm foame / Am 25 de ani / Am frică (or mi-e foame, mi-e frică)English 'I am' for these states is misleading. Romanian uses a avea (+ abstract noun) or the dative + a fi pattern, but never *Sunt foame.
Forgetting 'de' before nouns counted with numerals ≥ 20
Am 25 ani / Sunt 100 oameniAm 25 de ani / Sunt 100 de oameniAny cardinal ≥ 20 inserts 'de' before the counted noun. This is a Romanian-specific rule covered in the numbers tag.
Dative + A fi for Sensations and States (mi-e foame, mi-e dor)
Mi-e foame / mi-e dor - Construcția cu dativ
Romanian has TWO ways to express physical and emotional states like hunger, cold, longing, fear. One is 'am foame / am frică' (a avea + noun — see previous tag). The other is the DATIVE + a fi construction: 'mi-e foame' (literally 'to-me is hunger'), 'mi-e frig' (it's cold to me), 'mi-e dor de' (I miss). The verb stays 3sg ('e' or 'este'), and the dative pronoun changes for person: ÎMI/MI-e foame, ȚI-e foame, ÎI e foame, NE e foame, VĂ e foame, LE e foame. This pattern is the only way to express some states (mi-e dor de you can't say *am dor) and the preferred way for others (mi-e somn, mi-e ruşine, mi-e silă).
Key rule
Dative clitic + 3sg of a fi + abstract noun: mi-e foame, ți-e frig, ne e dor. The verb stays 3sg; only the dative changes for person. Some items (dor, somn) ONLY appear in this pattern, never in 'am ...'.
Examples
- Mi-e foame.Sunt foame. / Mie e foame.
Dative clitic + 3sg of a fi: mi-e (with hyphen, the elision of îmi + e). 'Sunt foame' is ungrammatical.
- Ți-e frig?Ești frig? / Tu e frig?
2sg dative + e: ți-e (from îți). 'Ești frig' is ungrammatical.
- Îi e somn copilului.Este somn copilului. / Copilul e somn.
3sg dative îi + e + noun, with experiencer in dative case (copilului). 'Copilul e somn' would mean 'the child IS sleep' — nonsensical.
Common mistakes
Using a fi without the dative clitic
Sunt foame / Sunt dor / Sunt caldMi-e foame / Mi-e dor / Mi-e caldThe dative pronoun is OBLIGATORY in this construction. Without it the sentence is ungrammatical.
Inflecting the verb for person
Mi-sunt foame / Ți-ești frig / Ne suntem dorMi-e foame / Ți-e frig / Ne e dorThe verb stays 3sg ('e' or 'este') regardless of who feels the sensation. Only the dative clitic changes.
Existential Este / Sunt (there is / there are)
Construcție existențială (este / sunt)
To say 'there is' or 'there are' in Romanian, you use just the verb a fi (este for singular things, sunt for plural things), with no dummy subject like English 'there' or French 'il y a'. So: Este o problemă (= There is a problem), Sunt mulți oameni (= There are many people). The verb agrees with what exists, in number. Often a location is added: Aici este o farmacie (Here there is a pharmacy), În parc sunt copii (In the park there are children). Negation: nu este / nu sunt.
Key rule
Existential 'there is/are' = just a fi in 3sg or 3pl, agreeing with the logical existent. No dummy subject. Often paired with a locative phrase. Negation: nu este / nu sunt.
Examples
- Este o farmacie pe colț.Este o farmacie pe colt. (orthographic error: missing diacritic)
Existential 'there is' = just 'este'. No dummy subject like English 'there'. Mind the diacritic on colț.
- Sunt mulți copii în parc.Este mulți copii în parc.
Subject-verb agreement: 'mulți copii' is plural → sunt. Este would be ungrammatical with a plural subject.
- Aici nu este nimeni.Aici nu este cineva. (means 'is anyone here?', different sense)
For 'there is nobody', use the negative pronoun 'nimeni' with Romanian's obligatory double negation: nu este nimeni.
Common mistakes
Adding a dummy subject like English 'there'
Acolo este o problemă (translated as 'there is')Este o problemă (acolo) — the 'acolo' is a real locative, not a dummyRomanian has no expletive 'there'. The locative phrase is optional and refers to a real place.
Using singular este with plural subjects
Este multe probleme / Este copii aiciSunt multe probleme / Sunt copii aiciExistential agrees in number with the existent. Plural → sunt.
A se numi / a chema - Introducing Yourself
A se numi / a chema - Prezentare
Romanian has two main ways to introduce yourself: Mă numesc Ana (I am called Ana — reflexive verb a se numi) or Mă cheamă Ana (literally 'they call me Ana' — verb a chema with object pronoun). Both are very common, both mean 'My name is Ana'. The question is: Cum te numești? or Cum te cheamă?. For polite address: Cum vă numiți? / Cum vă cheamă?. There is also the more bookish 'Numele meu este Ana' (My name is Ana). All three are correct; the first two are most natural in speech.
Key rule
Three ways to introduce yourself: Mă numesc X (reflexive), Mă cheamă X (with object pronoun), Numele meu este X (formal). Question: Cum te numești? / Cum te cheamă? / Cum vă numiți?
Examples
- Mă numesc Ana.Eu numesc Ana. / Mă numește Ana.
1sg of a se numi = mă numesc (reflexive pronoun mă + verb numesc). 'Mă numește' would be 3sg used wrongly.
- Cum te numești?Ce te numești? / Cum tu numești?
Question 'what is your name' uses 'cum' (how) + 2sg reflexive: cum te numești?
- Mă cheamă Maria.Mă chem Maria. / Eu cheamă Maria.
A chema is transitive: object clitic (mă/te/îl/o) + 3sg cheamă (literally 'X calls me/you/him/her').
Common mistakes
Forgetting the reflexive pronoun with a se numi
Numesc Ana / Numim PopescuMă numesc Ana / Ne numim PopescuA se numi is reflexive; the reflexive pronoun (mă/te/se/ne/vă/se) is obligatory.
Using 'tu' as subject in 'cum te numești?'
Cum tu te numești? / Cum tu numești?Cum te numești?The reflexive pronoun 'te' already encodes 2sg; the subject pronoun 'tu' is redundant and unnatural. Romanian is pro-drop.
Reflexive Verbs with se - Basic
Verbe reflexive cu se - Bază
Many Romanian verbs are 'reflexive' — they always appear with a small pronoun called the reflexive pronoun: mă (1sg), te (2sg), se (3sg/3pl), ne (1pl), vă (2pl). For example: mă uit (I look), te speli (you wash), se duce (he/she goes), ne distrăm (we have fun), vă jucați (you play), se ascund (they hide). The reflexive pronoun comes BEFORE the verb in most cases and changes with the person of the verb. The infinitive lists them with 'a se' (a se uita, a se duce, a se spăla). Some of these verbs really are reflexive in meaning ('wash oneself'), but many are only formally reflexive and don't translate with 'oneself' in English.
Key rule
Reflexive verbs use a clitic that changes with person: mă (1sg), te (2sg), se (3sg/3pl), ne (1pl), vă (2pl). Place it BEFORE the verb. Negation: nu + reflexive + verb (nu mă spăl).
Examples
- Mă spăl pe mâini.Eu spăl pe mâini. (means 'I wash someone's hands')
Without the reflexive 'mă', the verb a spăla is transitive and needs an explicit object. Reflexive 'mă spăl' = I wash myself.
- Tu te uiți la televizor.Tu uiți la televizor. (means 'you forget')
A se uita (reflexive) = to look. A uita (transitive) = to forget. The reflexive pronoun completely changes the meaning.
- Maria se duce la birou.Maria duce la birou.
A se duce = to go. A duce (no se) = to carry. The reflexive is what gives the 'go' meaning.
Common mistakes
Forgetting the reflexive pronoun
Spăl pe mâini. / Uit la televizor.Mă spăl pe mâini. / Mă uit la televizor.Reflexive verbs require their clitic. Without it the verb either is ungrammatical or means something different (a uita = forget!).
Using the wrong clitic for the person
Eu se spăl. / Tu mă speli.Eu mă spăl. / Tu te speli.The reflexive clitic must match the subject's person: 1sg = mă, 2sg = te, 3sg/3pl = se, 1pl = ne, 2pl = vă.
Reflexive Verbs for Daily Routine
Verbe reflexive - Rutină zilnică
Most verbs describing daily routine in Romanian are reflexive. The key set to master at A1: a se trezi (wake up), a se ridica (get up), a se spăla (wash), a se rade (shave), a se pieptăna (comb hair), a se îmbrăca (get dressed), a se duce (go), a se odihni (rest), a se relaxa (relax), a se culca (go to bed). Each of these uses the reflexive clitic that matches the subject (mă, te, se, ne, vă, se). A typical morning: Mă trezesc la șapte, mă spăl, mă îmbrac, mă duc la lucru. Memorise these verbs as a group — they form the backbone of any 'describe your day' exercise.
Key rule
Daily-routine verbs in Romanian are typically reflexive: mă trezesc, mă spăl, mă îmbrac, mă duc, mă culc. Use the reflexive clitic matched to the subject and chain them in narrative order.
Examples
- Mă trezesc la șapte.Trezesc la șapte.
A se trezi is reflexive — the clitic mă is mandatory.
- Te speli pe dinți după masă?Speli pe dinți după masă?
A se spăla in 'wash oneself / wash one's X' is reflexive. Add 'pe + body part' for the body part you wash.
- Maria se îmbracă elegant.Maria îmbracă elegant.
A se îmbrăca = to get dressed (subject dresses self). Without se, the verb means 'to dress someone else'.
Common mistakes
Dropping the reflexive clitic across a routine description
Trezesc la șapte, spăl, îmbrac, duc la lucru, culc la unsprezece.Mă trezesc la șapte, mă spăl, mă îmbrac, mă duc la lucru, mă culc la unsprezece.Every routine verb needs its reflexive clitic. Dropping them throughout is the most reliable A1 error pattern.
Mixing reflexive clitics with the wrong person
Eu se spăl. / Tu mă speli.Eu mă spăl. / Tu te speli.Clitic must match subject person: eu → mă, tu → te, el/ea → se, noi → ne, voi → vă, ei/ele → se.
A plăcea - Inverted Construction (îmi place)
Construcția 'îmi place'
To say 'I like X' in Romanian, you use 'îmi place X' if X is singular, or 'îmi plac X' if X is plural. This is exactly like Spanish 'me gusta / me gustan'. The thing liked is the grammatical subject (so the verb agrees with IT), and the person who likes is in the dative (îmi, îți, îi, ne, vă, le). Examples: Îmi place cafeaua (I like coffee, sg), Îmi plac florile (I like flowers, pl), Îți place muzica? (Do you like music?), Ne plac filmele (We like films). To say 'I like to do X', use 'îmi place să' + conjunctiv: Îmi place să citesc.
Key rule
A plăcea is inverted: the LIKED thing is the subject (verb agrees with it); the LIKER is in dative (îmi, îți, îi, ne, vă, le). Singular liked → place; plural liked → plac. With verbs: îmi place SĂ + conjunctiv.
Examples
- Îmi place cafeaua.Eu plac cafeaua.
A plăcea is inverted: the liked thing (cafeaua) is the grammatical subject; the experiencer is in dative (îmi). 'Eu plac' would mean 'I am pleasing' (3pl agreement with what?)
- Îmi plac florile.Îmi place florile.
Florile is plural → verb must be plural: îmi plac (not place).
- Îți place muzica?Tu placi muzica?
Dative experiencer 'îți' + 3sg verb 'place' + subject 'muzica'. 'Tu placi' is grammatical only with the meaning 'you are pleasing (someone)'.
Common mistakes
Treating 'I' as the subject and conjugating for 1sg
Eu plac cafea. / Eu plac florile.Îmi place cafeaua. / Îmi plac florile.The 'liker' is NOT the subject in Romanian. The 'thing liked' is. So the verb agrees with the thing, not with you. The liker sits in the dative as 'îmi'.
Forgetting to agree with plural liked thing
Îmi place florile. / Îi place mașinile.Îmi plac florile. / Îi plac mașinile.Verb agrees with the liked subject. Singular → place; plural → plac. Always check the liked thing.
Modal A putea + Să (can, be able to, may)
Modal 'a putea' + conjunctiv
Romanian uses 'pot să' + the conjunctiv (subjunctive) form of the next verb to say 'I can do X'. This covers ability (Pot să înot = I can swim), permission (Pot să intru? = May I come in?), and possibility (Pot să vin mâine = I can come tomorrow). The 'să' is obligatory — you never say 'pot înot'. The verb after 'să' must be in the conjunctiv form, which for most persons looks like the present indicative, except for 3rd person where it's slightly different (să meargă, să facă, să fie). Negative: nu pot să...
Key rule
Pot să + conjunctiv = can/may/be able to. The să is obligatory (never *pot înot). For 3rd-person conjunctiv, the form differs from the indicative (să meargă, să fie, să facă, să aibă).
Examples
- Pot să vin mâine.Pot veni mâine. / Pot să vin mâine. (formal infinitive)
Modern Romanian requires să + conjunctiv after pot. The bare infinitive 'pot veni' exists in formal writing but is non-standard in speech.
- Poți să mă ajuți?Poți ajuta-mă?
After modals, use să + conjunctiv: să mă ajuți. The infinitive attempt is wrong.
- Maria poate să cânte la pian.Maria poate cântă la pian. / Maria poate cânte la pian.
3sg of a putea = poate. The conjunctiv 3sg of a cânta = cânte (not cântă!). Together: poate să cânte.
Common mistakes
Using a bare infinitive after pot (English/French calque)
Pot veni / Pot dormi / Nu pot face nimicPot să vin / Pot să dorm / Nu pot să fac nimicRomanian replaces the bare infinitive with să + conjunctiv after modals. This is THE central structural feature.
Using the indicative 3rd-person form instead of conjunctiv
Poate să merge / Pot să face / Poate să este obositPoate să meargă / Pot să facă / Poate să fie obositAfter să, the 3rd person needs the conjunctiv form (meargă, facă, fie, aibă), not the indicative.
Modal A vrea + Să (want to, would like to)
Modal 'a vrea' + conjunctiv
To say 'I want to do X' in Romanian, you use 'vreau să' + the conjunctiv form of the next verb: Vreau să mănânc (I want to eat), Vrei să vii? (Do you want to come?), Vrem să mergem la munte (We want to go to the mountains). Just like with 'pot să', the 'să' is obligatory and the next verb must be in the conjunctiv. If the thing you want is a noun (not a verb), no 'să' is needed: Vreau o cafea (I want a coffee). For polite requests, use 'aș vrea să' (I would like to) — it's much softer than 'vreau'. Remember the irregular 3pl 'vor' (they want), not 'vreau'.
Key rule
Vreau să + conjunctiv = want to do X. Vreau + noun = want a thing (no să). Polite: aș vrea să. Negation: nu vreau să. Remember 3pl: ei vor.
Examples
- Vreau să beau apă.Vreau bea apă.
A vrea + verb requires să + conjunctiv. Vreau să beau (1sg să + 1sg conjunctiv).
- Vrei o cafea?Vrei să o cafea?
When the complement is a noun (not a verb), 'să' is NOT used. Vrei + cafea (direct object).
- Maria vrea să meargă la cumpărături.Maria vrea meargă. / Maria vrea să merge.
Need both să AND conjunctiv 3sg meargă (NOT indicative merge).
Common mistakes
Using a bare infinitive after vreau (English calque)
Vreau merge / Vreau dormi / Vrem mâncaVreau să merg / Vreau să dorm / Vrem să mâncămRomanian uses să + conjunctiv after modals like vreau. The bare infinitive is ungrammatical here.
Inserting 'să' before noun complements
Vreau să o cafea / Vrei să o pizza?Vreau o cafea / Vrei o pizza?'Să' marks subjunctive verbal complements only. Before a noun, no să.
A face for Weather, Activities, Costs (Se face frig, Fac sport, Face 10 lei)
A face - Vreme, activități, cost
A face (to do/make) is one of Romania's most idiomatic verbs. Beyond its basic meaning, you'll meet it in many fixed expressions: WEATHER (Se face frig = it's getting cold; afară e cald) — note the reflexive 'se face' for changes; ACTIVITIES (Fac sport = I do sport, Fac curățenie = I clean, Fac cumpărături = I shop, Fac duș = I shower, Fac un cadou = I give a present); COST (Cât face? = How much is it?, Face 10 lei = It costs 10 lei); AGE-TURNING (Face 30 de ani luna viitoare = He turns 30 next month); IDIOMS (Îmi fac griji = I worry, Fac haz = I joke, Fac plinul = I fill up the tank).
Key rule
A face appears in many idiomatic expressions: WEATHER (se face frig), ACTIVITIES (fac sport / cumpărături), COST (Cât face?), AGE-TURNING (Face 30 de ani), IDIOMS (îmi fac griji, fac plinul). The pattern is fac + (often bare) noun.
Examples
- Afară se face frig.Afară este se face frig. / Afară face frig.
Weather changes use se face (reflexive impersonal): 'it is becoming cold'. The non-reflexive 'face frig' is also heard but less standard.
- Fac sport în fiecare zi.Joc sport în fiecare zi. (means 'I play a sport [competitively]')
For habitual exercise / sport in general, fac sport (no article). A juca sport is for competitive game play.
- Cât face o cafea aici?Cât este o cafea aici?
For price questions, use Cât face? (How much does it cost?) or Cât costă?. 'Cât este?' is also possible but less canonical for asking prices.
Common mistakes
Using a fi for weather changes when a face is more idiomatic
Este frig acum (when meaning 'it's getting cold')Se face frig acum (focus on the change)A fi describes the static state (it IS cold). A face / se face describes the transition (it IS BECOMING cold). Both work, but pick the right one for the meaning.
Adding articles where bare nouns are required
Fac un sport / Fac niște cumpărături / Fac o cafeaFac sport / Fac cumpărături / Fac cafeaMost A1 'fac + activity' expressions take a bare noun. Articles introduce specification (Fac o cafea = I make A cup of coffee) but are not the default.
Grammatical Gender - The Three-Way System (masc, fem, neuter)
Genul gramatical - Trei genuri
Every Romanian noun has a gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. The gender shows up in the article (un băiat / o fată / un scaun) and in agreeing words (un băiat bun / o fată bună / un scaun bun). Romanian is one of the few European languages with THREE genders. The neuter is the trickiest — it behaves like masculine in the singular and like feminine in the plural (un scaun bun → două scaune bune). To identify a noun's gender you usually need to look it up in a dictionary, but the singular AND plural together reveal everything: masculine stays masc (un câine → doi câini), feminine stays fem (o casă → două case), neuter switches (un creion → două creioane).
Key rule
Romanian has three genders: masculine (un câine → doi câini), feminine (o casă → două case), neuter (un scaun → două scaune — masc sg + fem pl). Articles, adjectives, demonstratives, possessives and numerals 1-2 all agree.
Examples
- un băiat bun → doi băieți buniun băiat bună / o băiat bună
Masculine throughout: un (masc sg), bun (masc sg adj). Plural: doi (masc), buni (masc pl).
- o fată bună → două fete buneun fată bună / o fată bun
Feminine throughout: o (fem sg), bună (fem sg adj). Plural: două (fem), bune (fem pl).
- un scaun bun → două scaune buneun scaun bun → doi scaune buni
Neuter: masculine in singular (un, bun), FEMININE in plural (două, bune). This is the signature ambigen pattern.
Common mistakes
Treating neuter as a single gender across both numbers
un scaun bun → doi scaune buni / două scaune bune (mismatched)un scaun bun → două scaune bune (masc sg + fem pl)The neuter is masculine ONLY in the singular and feminine ONLY in the plural. This is its defining feature.
Assuming consonant-final = always masculine
băiat is masc → so creion is masc → *doi creioaneCheck the plural: doi câini (masc) vs două creioane (neuter)Consonant-final nouns can be masculine OR neuter. The plural form tells you which.
The Neuter Gender's Split Behaviour (masc-sg + fem-pl)
Genul neutru / ambigen
The Romanian neuter (also called 'ambigen' — meaning 'both-gendered') is a third gender that has a unique split: in the singular it behaves exactly like a masculine noun (un scaun, un scaun bun) but in the plural it behaves exactly like a feminine noun (două scaune, două scaune bune). This is unique to Romanian among Romance languages and it confuses everyone the first time. The neuter contains most concrete objects (scaun, creion, caiet, tablou, televizor) and many abstract nouns (drum, vis, gând). When you learn a new noun, always learn its singular AND plural to detect neuters — and remember: doi câini (masc), două case (fem), două scaune (neuter — but two!).
Key rule
Romanian neuter = masculine in singular, feminine in plural. Same noun: un scaun bun (masc sg) → două scaune bune (fem pl). The neuter is the third gender and contains many everyday objects.
Examples
- un scaun bun → două scaune bunedoi scaune buni / două scaune bun
Sg: masc-form un + bun. Pl: fem-form două + bune. The agreement switches at the number boundary.
- un caiet nou → două caiete noidoi caiete noi / un caiete nou
Caiet is neuter: sg un caiet nou (masc); pl două caiete noi (fem).
- acest oraș frumos → aceste orașe frumoaseacești orașe frumoși
Demonstratives also follow the rule: acest (masc/neut sg) → aceste (fem/neut pl).
Common mistakes
Using 'doi' instead of 'două' with neuter plurals
doi scaune / doi creioane / doi telefoanedouă scaune / două creioane / două telefoaneAll neuter plurals take 'două' (the feminine form of two), never 'doi'. This is the single most common neuter error.
Keeping masculine adjective endings in the plural
două scaune buni / două telefoane mari roșii (masc pl adj)două scaune bune / două telefoane mari (mare invariable) / două telefoane roșii (correct! roșu is one of the words where plural is roșii for both genders)Neuter plurals demand FEMININE-form adjectives: bune, noi, mari, frumoase, vechi. Not the masculine forms.
Gender Clues from Noun Endings
Indicii de gen după terminație
You can usually guess a Romanian noun's gender from its ending — but always check the plural to be sure. STRONGLY FEMININE: nouns ending in -ă (casă, masă, fată), -ie (familie, lecție), -ea (cafea, perdea), -tate (libertate, frumusețe), -ție (informație, lecție). STRONGLY MASCULINE: nouns ending in -tor (profesor, calculator — but calculator is neuter!), -ist (jurnalist), -an (țăran), and many one-syllable consonant-ending nouns (om, frate, copil — but watch for neuters!). NEUTER often ends in: consonant (scaun, creion, telefon), -u (tablou, paltou). These are tendencies, not laws. Always verify with the plural: doi → masculine; două → feminine OR neuter; then check sg article (un → masc/neut, o → fem).
Key rule
Strong tendencies: -ă, -ie, -tate, -ție → feminine; -tor, -ist for people → masculine; consonant-final concrete objects → often neuter. Always verify with the plural (doi vs două).
Examples
- Casă is feminine (o casă, două case).Treating casă as masculine because it 'looks like' Spanish la casa with -a
The -ă ending is the strongest feminine marker. Most -ă nouns are feminine, with the famous exception 'tată' (masc, kinship).
- Lecție is feminine (o lecție, două lecții).Treating lecție as masculine because of the consonant cluster
-ție / -ie / -ție endings are almost always feminine. Same for libertate, informație, conversație.
- Profesor is masculine (un profesor, doi profesori).Treating profesor as neuter because it ends in -or
-tor / -or for PEOPLE is masculine. But the same ending in a thing-noun like calculator gives neuter (un calculator, două calculatoare).
Common mistakes
Assuming all -or nouns are masculine
doi calculatoare / doi televizoaredouă calculatoare / două televizoare (these are neuter)The -or ending is strongly masc when applied to PEOPLE (profesor, doctor), but many THING-nouns in -or are neuter (calculator, televizor, monitor). Plural reveals: -oare endings + două → neuter.
Assuming all consonant-final nouns are masculine
doi scaune / doi creioane / doi telefoanedouă scaune / două creioane / două telefoane (all neuter)Consonant-final nouns are often masculine OR neuter. The plural ending (-i for masc, -e/-uri for neuter) plus the doi/două test disambiguates.
Plural Formation - Basic (-i, -e, -uri)
Formarea pluralului - Bază
Romanian plurals use three main endings: -I, -E, and -URI. MASCULINE nouns almost always take -i (băiat → băieți, câine → câini, prieten → prieteni). FEMININE nouns take -e or -i (casă → case, carte → cărți, floare → flori). NEUTER nouns take -e or -uri (scaun → scaune, drum → drumuri, tablou → tablouri). Often the stem also changes — a vowel inside the word shifts (carte → cărți, masă → mese) — but that's a separate topic. Learn each noun WITH its plural; the plural form is the only sure way to know the noun's gender too.
Key rule
Three plural endings: -I (masculine: băieți, câini), -E or -I (feminine: case, cărți), -E or -URI (neuter: scaune, drumuri). Always learn plurals with each new noun.
Examples
- băiat → băieți (masc, -i with palatalisation)băiat → băiați
Masc plural -i. Note stem: băiat- → băieț- (palatalisation t → ț + addition of -i).
- casă → case (fem, -e)casă → casi / case (singular?)
Fem -ă nouns take -e in plural. Stem change ă → no diacritic on a: casă → case.
- carte → cărți (fem, -i with palatalisation and vowel shift)carte → cărtii / carțe
Fem -e nouns often take -i. Note compound change: ar → ăr inside (palatalisation + vowel shift).
Common mistakes
Using -uri for feminine nouns
casă → casuri / carte → cartiuricasă → case / carte → cărți-uri is exclusively a neuter (occasionally masculine) plural marker. Feminines take -e or -i.
Using -i for neuters
scaun → scauni / drum → drumiscaun → scaune / drum → drumuriNeuters take -e or -uri, never -i. -i is for masculines.
Plural with Stem Alternations (carte → cărți, masă → mese)
Plural cu alternanțe
Many Romanian plurals not only add an ending but also CHANGE THE STEM. Common stem changes: VOWEL shifts (masă → mese, fată → fete, carte → cărți), CONSONANT palatalisations (carte → cărți: t → ț; brad → brazi: d → z), and combinations of both. The trickiest pair to learn: 'a' or 'ă' inside the word becoming 'e' (masă → MEse), and 't / d / s' at the end becoming 'ț / z / ș' before -i. There's no shortcut — you memorise the alternations as you learn each word. The plurals with stem changes are some of the most common nouns in Romanian (cărți = books, mese = tables, frați = brothers, copii = children).
Key rule
Romanian plurals often change the stem: VOWELS shift (masă → mese, carte → cărți), CONSONANTS palatalise before -i (t → ț, d → z, s → ș). Memorise the plural alongside the singular for every new noun.
Examples
- fată → fete (a → e)fată → fati / fătă (no change)
Internal a → e shift typical for many feminine -ă nouns ending in dental consonants. Fată → fete (no palatalisation needed; t kept).
- masă → mese (a → e)masă → masi / mase
Same a → e shift in feminine -ă nouns. Pl: două mese.
- carte → cărți (a → ă inside, plus t → ț)carte → cartii / cartile (without change)
Compound change: internal vowel shift + consonant palatalisation. 'Cărți' is plural; cărțile is definite plural.
Common mistakes
Forgetting the internal vowel shift
carte → cartii / parte → partiicarte → cărți / parte → părțiMany feminine -e nouns shift their stem vowel (a → ă) when forming the plural. The -i ending alone is insufficient.
Forgetting the consonant palatalisation
băiat → băiati / brad → bradibăiat → băieți / brad → braziStem-final t, d, s palatalise before -i: t → ț, d → z, s → ș. This is automatic in correct Romanian.
Adjective Agreement - Gender and Number (4-form, 3-form, 2-form)
Acordul adjectivului
Romanian adjectives must agree with the noun in both gender and number. Most adjectives have FOUR forms (bun / bună / buni / bune): masc sg, fem sg, masc pl, fem pl. Some have THREE forms (mic / mică / mici — same plural for both genders). Some have TWO forms (mare / mari — same for both genders in each number). And a few are INVARIABLE (roz, gri, mov). With NEUTER nouns: singular uses masc form (un scaun bun), plural uses fem form (două scaune bune) — the famous split agreement. Memorise the form pattern when learning each adjective.
Key rule
Adjectives agree in gender and number. Four-form pattern: -∅ (masc sg), -ă (fem sg), -i (masc pl), -e (fem pl). Neuter takes masc-form in sg, fem-form in pl. Memorise form-count (2/3/4/invariable) with each adjective.
Examples
- un copil bun → o fată bună → doi copii buni → două fete buneun copil bună / o fată bun
4-form adjective bun shows all four forms. Match form to noun's gender and number.
- un scaun bun → două scaune buneun scaun bună / două scaune buni
Neuter scaun: masc form bun in sg; fem form bune in pl. The split agreement.
- un câine mare → o casă mare → doi câini mari → două case mario casă mari / doi câini mare
2-form adjective mare: one form per number, same for both genders. Mare (sg) / mari (pl).
Common mistakes
Failing to inflect the adjective
o casă mare → doi case maredouă case mariAdjectives MUST agree. Forgetting to inflect is a constant English-influenced error.
Using wrong gender form
un băiat bună / o fată bunun băiat bun / o fată bunăAdjective gender must match noun gender. Sex-mismatch is one of the most obvious errors.
Adjective Position - Postnominal Default, Preposed for Emphasis
Topica adjectivului
Romanian adjectives normally go AFTER the noun: un copil bun (a good child), o casă mare (a big house), un prieten vechi (an old friend). This is opposite to English (a good child) but the same as Spanish/Italian/French. A few adjectives can also go BEFORE the noun for stylistic effect or for slightly different meaning: un mare succes (a great success — emphatic) vs un succes mare (a big success — literal). At A1, default to PUTTING THE ADJECTIVE AFTER the noun. Greetings like 'bună ziua' (good day) are pre-noun by convention. With the postposed definite article, the adjective still follows: casa mare (the big house), prietenii buni (the good friends).
Key rule
Default: noun + adjective (un copil bun, o casă mare). A few prenominal cases (greetings: bună ziua; stylistic: o frumoasă zi; fixed: biata femeie, micul prinț) shift meaning or register.
Examples
- un copil bunun bun copil (only acceptable in literary/emphatic register)
Default postnominal: noun + adjective. 'Un bun copil' is grammatical but stylistically marked.
- casa maremarea casă (rare, archaic)
With a definite-articulated noun, the adjective stays after: casa mare.
- Bună ziua!Ziua bună!
Greetings have FIXED prenominal adjective: bună ziua, bună dimineața, bună seara. Reversing them is wrong.
Common mistakes
Using English-style prenominal order
Bun copil / mare casă / verde mașinăCopil bun / casă mare / mașină verdeDefault Romanian order is noun + adjective. Prenominal feels archaic or wrong in everyday speech.
Reversing greetings
Ziua bună! / Dimineața bună!Bună ziua! / Bună dimineața!Greetings have fixed prenominal order. The adjective comes FIRST in these set expressions.
Indefinite Article (un, o, niște)
Articolul nehotărât
Romanian's indefinite article ('a' / 'an' in English) has three forms: UN before masculine and neuter singular nouns (un băiat, un scaun), O before feminine singular nouns (o fată, o casă), and NIȘTE before all plural nouns regardless of gender (niște băieți, niște fete, niște scaune). 'Niște' means 'some' more than 'a' — it marks an unspecified plural. Romanian also drops the article in some contexts where English uses one: Sunt profesor (I am a teacher — NO article before profession), Mâncăm pâine (we eat bread — partitive omission).
Key rule
Indefinite article: UN (masc/neut sg), O (fem sg), NIȘTE (pl all genders). Drop the article before professions (Sunt profesor). Romanian uses bare nouns for mass/partitive (beau cafea).
Examples
- un câine / un scaun (masc / neut sg)o câine / o scaun
Masc and neut sg both take UN. The neuter shares masc-sg agreement here.
- o fată / o casă (fem sg)un fată / un casă
Fem sg takes O. The vowel-final o + noun is consistent across all fem-sg nouns.
- niște prieteni / niște cărți / niște scaune (pl)uns prieteni / oss cărți
ALL plurals use NIȘTE, regardless of gender. It is invariable.
Common mistakes
Using un with feminine nouns or o with masculine/neuter nouns
un casă / o băiat / o scauno casă / un băiat / un scaunArticle must match noun gender. Un for masc/neut sg; O for fem sg. Check the noun's gender each time.
Adding un / o before profession nouns
Sunt un profesor / Este o studentă (without an adjective)Sunt profesor / Este studentăRomanian omits the article before bare profession nouns. The article returns only with modifying adjectives or for specification.
Postposed Definite Article (omul, casa, scaunul, scaunele)
Articolul hotărât enclitic
Romanian's most distinctive feature: the definite article ('the') is ATTACHED TO THE END of the noun, not placed before it. So 'om' (man) becomes 'omul' (the man), 'casă' (house) becomes 'casa' (the house), 'scaune' (chairs) becomes 'scaunele' (the chairs). The forms depend on gender and number: MASC/NEUT SG: -UL (omul, scaunul); FEM SG: -A (casa, fata); MASC PL: -I (oamenii, băieții — note triple i!); FEM/NEUT PL: -LE (casele, scaunele). Examples: un băiat → băiatul (the boy); o casă → casa (the house); doi câini → câinii (the dogs); două case → casele (the houses).
Key rule
Definite article is POSTPOSED (attached to noun end): MASC/NEUT SG -UL/-LE (omul, scaunul, fratele), FEM SG -A/-EA/-IA (casa, cartea, familia), MASC PL -I (băieții, copiii), FEM/NEUT PL -LE (casele, scaunele). Most distinctive feature of Romanian.
Examples
- băiatul (the boy)ul băiat / le băiat
Article -ul attaches to the END of băiat. There is no preposed definite article in Romanian.
- casa (the house)a casă / la casă (la = at/to, different)
Fem -ă becomes -a in definite: casă → casa.
- cartea (the book)a carte / carte a
Fem -e becomes -ea: carte → cartea.
Common mistakes
Using a preposed article like Spanish/French
le băiat / la casă / les copiibăiatul / casa / copiiiRomanian's article is EXCLUSIVELY postposed. No preposed equivalent exists for the definite article.
Forgetting the triple -i in copiii (the children)
copii instead of copiii in definite contextsIndef: niște copii; Def: copiii (with three i's)Plural copii already has two i's (stem residue + plural -i); the definite adds a third for copiii. This is correct spelling, not a typo.
Postposed Definite Article - Stem Alternations and Linking Vowels
Articolul hotărât - Alternanțe
When the postposed definite article attaches to a noun, sometimes the noun's last sound changes in unexpected ways. KEY PATTERNS: tată → tatăl (kinship -ă noun drops the -ă and adds -l), frate → fratele (masc -e noun adds -le, NOT -ul), câine → câinele (same), nume → numele (neuter -e noun also adds -le), bunic → bunicul (regular), mamă → mama (replaces -ă with -a). These alternations look unpredictable but follow regular patterns: nouns ending in -e (regardless of gender) take -le; -ă fem nouns drop -ă for -a; -ă masc kinship nouns drop -ă for -ăl/-ul.
Key rule
Article allomorphs: -UL (masc/neut sg consonant), -LE (masc sg -e: fratele), -L on tatăl-type kinship (-ă → -ăl), -A (fem -ă), -EA (fem -e), -IA (fem -ie), -EAUA (fem -ea), -LE (fem/neut pl).
Examples
- tată → tatăl (kinship -ă → -ăl)tatul / tatea
Tată is masc kinship in -ă. Definite drops -ă and adds -ăl: tatăl. Unique pattern.
- frate → fratele (masc -e → +le)fratul / frate-ul
Masc sg ending in -e adds -LE (not -ul). Same for câine → câinele, soare → soarele.
- câine → câinelecâinul
Câine ends in -e → +LE: câinele.
Common mistakes
Using -ul on masc -e nouns
fratul / câinulfratele / câineleMasc sg ending in -e takes -LE, not -UL. The vowel determines the allomorph.
Applying tatăl's pattern to other -ă nouns
Treating mama as 'mamăl' / 'mamul'Mama is fem; def = mama (drop diacritic). Tatăl is masc kinship — unique pattern.Only the small set of masc kinship -ă nouns (tată, popă, papă) take the -ăl pattern. Fem -ă nouns simply drop the diacritic.
Demonstrative Adjectives - Preposed (acest, această, acei, acele)
Adjectivul demonstrativ antepus
Romanian's demonstrative adjectives are like English 'this/that, these/those' but they agree with the noun in gender and number. The preposed forms (placed BEFORE the noun, like in English) are: ACEST (this — masc/neut sg), ACEASTĂ (this — fem sg), ACEȘTI (these — masc pl), ACESTE (these — fem/neut pl). For 'that': ACEL, ACEA, ACEI, ACELE. Examples: acest băiat (this boy), această casă (this house), acest scaun (this chair — neuter), aceste scaune (these chairs — neuter pl uses fem form), acei copii (those children). NOTE: when demonstratives are preposed, the noun has NO definite article: acest băiat, NOT *acest băiatul.
Key rule
Preposed demonstratives agree by gender and number: ACEST (masc/neut sg), ACEASTĂ (fem sg), ACEȘTI (masc pl), ACESTE (fem/neut pl). For 'that': ACEL, ACEA, ACEI, ACELE. Noun takes NO additional article when demonstrative is preposed.
Examples
- acest băiatacest băiatul / această băiat
Preposed demonstrative replaces the article. Match gender: masc sg → acest.
- această casăacest casă / aceasta casa
Fem sg form is acEAStă (with -ă at end). The noun takes no further article.
- acest scaun (neuter sg)această scaun
Neuter sg uses MASCULINE-sg demonstrative form: acest.
Common mistakes
Keeping the definite article when using preposed demonstrative
acest băiatul / această casaacest băiat / această casăPreposed demonstratives REPLACE the article. The noun stays unarticulated.
Using fem-sg with masc/neut sg
această băiat / această scaunacest băiat / acest scaunMasc/neut sg use acest, not această. Gender agreement is obligatory.
Possessive Adjectives (meu, mea, mei, mele)
Adjectivul posesiv - Bază
Possessive adjectives in Romanian go AFTER the noun, and the noun must take the postposed definite article. Forms agree with the noun (the thing possessed), not with the possessor: cartea mea (my book), prietenul meu (my friend), copiii mei (my children), prietenele mele (my female friends). For 1sg ('my'): meu (masc/neut sg), mea (fem sg), mei (masc pl), mele (fem/neut pl). For 'his/her' there are two options: postnominal SĂU/SA/SĂI/SALE (formal) or invariable LUI (his) / EI (her) (colloquial, also postposed). For 'their', use LOR (invariable). Example: cartea mea, cartea sa / cartea ei (her book), cartea lor (their book).
Key rule
Possessives are POSTPOSED and agree with possessed thing's gender/number: meu/mea/mei/mele (my), tău/ta/tăi/tale (your), său/sa/săi/sale (his/her formal), lui/ei (his/her colloq), nostru/noastră/noștri/noastre (our), vostru/voastră/voștri/voastre (your pl), lor (their). Noun takes definite article.
Examples
- cartea mea (the-book my = my book)carte mea / mea cartea / mea carte
Articulated noun + possessive. Possessive comes AFTER, and the noun MUST have the definite article (cartea, not carte).
- prietenul meu (my friend, masc)prieten meu / meu prietenul
Articulated masc sg + meu. The article -ul on prieten is obligatory.
- copiii mei (my children)copii mei / mei copii
Articulated masc pl (copiii with triple-i) + mei (masc pl form of meu).
Common mistakes
Forgetting the definite article on the noun
carte mea / prieten meu / casă noastrăcartea mea / prietenul meu / casa noastrăPossessive constructions REQUIRE the noun to be articulated. Bare noun + possessive is ungrammatical.
Placing the possessive before the noun (English/French style)
mea cartea / meu prietenul / nostru părințiicartea mea / prietenul meu / părinții noștriRomanian possessives are POSTPOSED. Preposed placement is ungrammatical (except in very literary contexts with 'cel' constructions).
Basic Quantifiers (mult, puțin, tot, fiecare, câțiva)
Cuantificatori de bază
Romanian quantifiers tell HOW MANY or HOW MUCH and (mostly) agree with the noun. Most important at A1: MULT/MULTĂ/MULȚI/MULTE (much/many — also as adverb 'a lot'); PUȚIN/PUȚINĂ/PUȚINI/PUȚINE (little/few); TOT/TOATĂ/TOȚI/TOATE (all/every/the whole); FIECARE (each — invariable); CÂȚIVA/CÂTEVA (a few — masc/fem); ALT/ALTĂ/ALȚI/ALTE (another, other); ACELAȘI/ACEEAȘI/ACEIAȘI/ACELEAȘI (same); NICIUN/NICIO (no — negative, requires double negation: nu am niciun ban). Most quantifiers PRECEDE the noun (multe cărți, fiecare zi). 'Tot' is unusual: it usually triggers a special article placement (toți copiii = all the children).
Key rule
Most quantifiers precede the noun and agree by gender/number: MULT/MULTĂ/MULȚI/MULTE, PUȚIN, TOT (with articulated noun: toți copiii), FIECARE (invariable, sg noun), CÂȚIVA/CÂTEVA, ALT, NICIUN (with double negation).
Examples
- mult timp / multă apă / mulți prieteni / multe cărțimulți timp / multe apă
Mult agrees in gender and number: mult (masc/neut sg), multă (fem sg), mulți (masc pl), multe (fem/neut pl).
- puține flori / puțini banipuține bani (bani is masc pl)
Bani is masc pl → puțini bani (not puține). Match agreement to noun gender.
- tot orașul / toată ziua / toți copiii / toate floriletot oraș / toți copii
TOT requires articulated noun: tot orașul (the whole city), toți copiii (all the children — note the triple-i in copiii).
Common mistakes
Failing to agree mult/puțin with noun gender/number
Mult cărți / multă baniMulte cărți / mulți baniMult must inflect: mult/multă/mulți/multe. Match noun gender and number.
Using tot without articulated noun
Toți copii / toate floriToți copiii / toate florileTot + plural requires articulated noun (the whole set of referents). 'Toți copiii' = all the children (defined set).
Subject Pronouns and Pro-drop (eu, tu, el, ea, noi, voi, ei, ele)
Pronumele personal - Nominativ și omiterea subiectului
Romanian subject pronouns are: eu (I), tu (you sg), el (he), ea (she), noi (we), voi (you pl), ei (they masc), ele (they fem). For polite address, use dumneavoastră (you, formal — sg or pl). BUT: Romanian is pro-drop, which means subject pronouns are USUALLY DROPPED in speech and writing because the verb ending already shows the person. So 'Sunt acasă' is normal (= I am at home); 'Eu sunt acasă' adds emphasis ('I, specifically'). Use subject pronouns only for emphasis, contrast, or when the verb form is ambiguous between two persons (rarely needed at A1).
Key rule
Subject pronouns: eu, tu, el, ea, noi, voi, ei, ele. Polite: dumneavoastră (with 2pl verb). Romanian is PRO-DROP — drop the pronoun unless you need emphasis or contrast.
Examples
- Sunt obosit.Eu sunt obosit. (in normal conversation)
Pro-drop: 'Sunt obosit' is the default. Adding 'eu' shifts focus to emphasis.
- Cum te numești?Cum tu te numești?
Pro-drop in questions: the verb 'numești' is unambiguously 2sg. Adding 'tu' is redundant.
- Eu lucrez de acasă, tu mergi la birou.Lucrez de acasă, mergi la birou. (loses contrast)
When contrasting two subjects, use both pronouns for clarity.
Common mistakes
Always using subject pronouns (English calque)
Eu sunt obosit. Eu mă duc acasă. Eu mă culc.Sunt obosit. Mă duc acasă. Mă culc.Pro-drop is the unmarked Romanian pattern. Constant pronouns sound emphatic or non-native.
Dropping pronouns when contrast is needed
Lucrez de acasă, mergi la birou. (unclear who does what)Eu lucrez de acasă, tu mergi la birou.When two subjects are contrasted in a single utterance, pronouns are useful for clarity.
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Accusative Clitic Pronouns - Direct Object Forms (mă, te, îl, o, ne, vă, îi, le)
Pronume personale neaccentuate - Acuzativ
When a verb has a direct object that is a person or thing already mentioned, Romanian uses a CLITIC PRONOUN — a short unstressed pronoun that attaches to the verb. The accusative (direct-object) clitics are: MĂ (me), TE (you sg), ÎL (him / it masc/neut), O (her / it fem), NE (us), VĂ (you pl / polite sg), ÎI (them masc), LE (them fem/neut). They go BEFORE the verb: Mă vede (he sees me), Te aud (I hear you), Îl cunosc (I know him), O cumpăr (I buy it — fem), Ne așteaptă (he waits for us). With past tense, they often elide: m-a văzut (he saw me), l-am cunoscut (I met him). With feminine 'o' in past tense, it goes AFTER the participle: am văzut-o (I saw her).
Key rule
Accusative clitics: mă, te, îl, o, ne, vă, îi, le. Position: BEFORE the verb (Mă vezi). In past tense, most elide (l-am văzut), but 'O' attaches AFTER the participle (am văzut-o). With imperatives, attach enclitically with hyphen (cheamă-mă).
Examples
- Mă vezi?Vezi mă? / Vezi pe mine? (without clitic)
Clitic 'mă' goes BEFORE the verb. 'Vezi pe mine?' is wrong (you'd need both: Mă vezi pe mine?, but the doubling needs context).
- Îl cunosc pe Andrei.Cunosc pe Andrei. (missing clitic)
With specific named DO, clitic doubling is required: îl + pe Andrei.
- O întâlnesc pe Maria.Întâlnesc pe Maria. (missing clitic)
Fem 3sg clitic 'o' doubles the named DO.
Common mistakes
Placing the clitic after the verb in main clauses
Văd mă (he sees me) / Aud te (I hear you)Mă vede / Te audClitics go BEFORE the verb in declarative main clauses. After-verb position is reserved for imperatives.
Using a tonic pronoun instead of a clitic
Văd pe mine / Aud pe tine (without clitic)Mă vede / Te aud (clitic) OR Mă vede pe mine / Te aud pe tine (clitic + tonic for emphasis)Tonic forms (mine, tine) are for emphasis after pe — they REQUIRE a clitic alongside. Bare 'văd pe mine' is ungrammatical.
Dative Clitic Pronouns - Indirect Object Forms (îmi, îți, îi, ne, vă, le)
Pronume personale neaccentuate - Dativ
When a verb takes an indirect object — usually expressing 'to/for whom' — Romanian uses dative clitic pronouns: ÎMI (to me / for me), ÎȚI (to you sg), ÎI (to him / to her), NE (to us), VĂ (to you pl / polite), LE (to them). Examples: Îmi place cafeaua (Coffee pleases me), Îți spun adevărul (I tell you the truth), Îi dau cartea (I give him/her the book), Ne trimite un email (He sends us an email), Vă ajut (I help you), Le explic problema (I explain the problem to them). The clitics go BEFORE the verb. In past tense they often elide: mi-a spus, ți-a dat, i-a trimis. Note that ÎI covers both 'to him' AND 'to her' (single dative form for both genders in 3sg).
Key rule
Dative clitics: îmi, îți, îi, ne, vă, le. Position: BEFORE the verb (Îmi spune). 3sg ÎI covers both 'to him' and 'to her' (no gender split). In past tense, elide: mi-a, ți-a, i-a, ne-a, v-a, le-a.
Examples
- Îmi place cafeaua.Place mie cafeaua. (no clitic, tonic alone is wrong)
Dative clitic îmi (= to me) before verb. With tonic emphasis: Mie îmi place.
- Îți spun un secret.Spun ție un secret. / Spun ție.
2sg dative clitic îți. Tonic 'ție' would require clitic doubling: Ție îți spun.
- Îi dau cartea Mariei.O dau Mariei. (using accusative o, wrong case)
Dative 3sg = îi (to her/him). Don't confuse with accusative o (her/it).
Common mistakes
Using accusative clitics where dative is required
O spun secretul (with O for 'to her'). / Îl scriu lui Andrei (with îl for 'to him').Îi spun secretul (3sg dative). / Îi scriu lui Andrei (3sg dative).Verbs of giving, telling, writing take dative IO. 3sg dative is ÎI (not îl/o which are accusative).
Confusing 'ne / vă / le' between accusative and dative
Ne așteaptă (acc 'us') vs Ne spune (dat 'to us') — same form, different caseThese forms are identical: NE/VĂ/LE serve both cases. Disambiguate by verb's case requirement.Romanian doesn't distinguish nominative/accusative/dative forms for 1pl, 2pl, 3pl in clitics — the verb's lexical case requirement tells you which it is.
Reflexive Pronouns - Accusative se and Dative își
Pronumele reflexiv - Bază
Reflexive pronouns are used when the action of the verb returns to the subject ('myself, yourself, himself'). Romanian has TWO sets: ACCUSATIVE reflexive (used as direct object): mă (1sg), te (2sg), SE (3sg/3pl — unique form!), ne (1pl), vă (2pl), SE (3pl). DATIVE reflexive (used as indirect object): îmi (1sg), îți (2sg), ÎȘI (3sg/3pl — unique!), ne (1pl), vă (2pl), ÎȘI (3pl). Example: Mă spăl (I wash myself — accusative); Îmi spăl mâinile (I wash my hands — dative, lit. 'I wash to-myself the hands'). The only forms that are unique to reflexive are 3rd person: SE (acc) and ÎȘI (dat). Other persons use the same forms as accusative / dative clitics — context tells you which.
Key rule
Reflexive pronouns: acc mă/te/SE/ne/vă/SE; dat îmi/îți/ÎȘI/ne/vă/ÎȘI. The only forms unique to reflexive are 3rd person SE (acc) and ÎȘI (dat). Used for actions returning to subject and for dative-of-possession on body parts.
Examples
- Mă spăl pe mâini.Spăl pe mâini. (means 'I wash someone's hands')
Accusative reflexive mă required; without it the verb is transitive needing another object.
- Se uită la televizor.Uită la televizor. (means 'he forgets at the television')
A se uita (with reflexive se) = to look. Without se: a uita = to forget. Different verb!
- Își aduce aminte.Îi aduce aminte. (means 'brings him a memory')
Dative reflexive își (3sg) = to himself/herself. Îi (non-reflexive) means 'to him/her'.
Common mistakes
Forgetting the reflexive with pseudo-reflexive verbs
Duc la cumpărături / Uit la televizor / Gândesc la tineMă duc la cumpărături / Mă uit la televizor / Mă gândesc la tineA se duce / a se uita / a se gândi are inherently reflexive; dropping the pronoun gives a different verb (a duce = carry; a uita = forget) or is ungrammatical.
Using 'el / ea' instead of 'se' for 3rd person reflexive
El îl spală (= he washes him, different person)El se spală (he washes himself — reflexive)The 3rd-person reflexive form is SE, not îl/o. Using îl/o means the object is someone else, not the subject.
Tonic / Full-Form Pronouns (pe mine, mie, ție, lui, ei)
Pronume personale accentuate
When you need to EMPHASISE the pronoun, or when it appears AFTER A PREPOSITION, Romanian uses TONIC (stressed) pronouns instead of clitics. ACCUSATIVE TONIC (after pe, cu, fără): mine (me), tine (you sg), el / ea (him/her), noi (us), voi (you pl), ei / ele (them). DATIVE TONIC (after a, spre, la, contra): mie (to me), ție (to you), lui (to him), ei (to her), nouă (to us), vouă (to you pl), lor (to them). Important: tonic forms ALMOST ALWAYS appear WITH a matching clitic — they don't replace clitics, they emphasise them. Example: Pe mine MĂ cunoaște (it's ME he knows), Mie ÎMI place cafeaua (I'm the one who likes coffee).
Key rule
Tonic pronouns: ACC mine, tine, el, ea, noi, voi, ei, ele (after pe/cu/etc.). DAT mie, ție, lui, ei, nouă, vouă, lor (after dative prepositions and in fronted emphasis). USUALLY paired with the corresponding clitic.
Examples
- Vorbește cu mine.Vorbește cu eu. / Vorbește cu mă.
After preposition: tonic 'mine'. Subject form 'eu' is wrong; clitic 'mă' can't follow preposition.
- Cadoul este pentru tine.Cadoul este pentru tu. / Cadoul este pentru te.
Tonic 'tine' after preposition pentru. Not subject 'tu' nor clitic 'te'.
- Pe mine mă cunoaște bine.Mine mă cunoaște. / Pe mine cunoaște.
Tonic 'pe mine' for emphasis + obligatory clitic 'mă'. Need both: tonic for stress, clitic for grammatical role.
Common mistakes
Using subject pronouns after prepositions
Cu eu / Pentru tu / Despre el (correct!) / Spre elCu mine / Pentru tine / Despre el (already correct) / Spre el (already correct)After most prepositions, use TONIC forms. Note: 'el, ea, noi, voi, ei, ele' are identical between subject and acc tonic, so the error only shows for 1sg/2sg.
Using accusative tonic where dative is required
Mie / țime → Pentru mine (correct) but Lui / mie îmi place (already correct) — common confusion: 'spune mine' (wrong)Spune mie (dative tonic after spune, or with clitic 'îmi spune mie')Some verbs take dative complements; use mie/ție/lui/ei/nouă/vouă/lor, not mine/tine.
Demonstrative Pronouns - Independent (acesta, aceasta, acela, aceea)
Pronumele demonstrativ - Bază
When a demonstrative stands ALONE without a noun ('this one', 'that one'), Romanian uses the LONG form with an extra -a at the end: acesta / aceasta / aceștia / acestea (this one, this one fem, these masc, these fem-neut). Distal versions: acela / aceea / aceia / acelea (that one, etc.). Compare: PREPOSED adj 'acest băiat' (this boy) — uses acest WITHOUT -a; STAND-ALONE 'Acesta este nou' (This one is new) — uses acesta WITH -a. Colloquial: ăsta, asta, ăștia, astea (this). And the neuter standalone ASTA (this thing, situation): Asta nu-i bine (This is not good).
Key rule
Demonstrative pronouns end in -a: acesta, aceasta, aceștia, acestea (this); acela, aceea, aceia, acelea (that). For abstract reference, use neuter asta / aia. Colloquial forms: ăsta, asta, ăștia, astea.
Examples
- Acesta este telefonul meu.Acest este telefonul meu. / Aceasta este telefonul meu. (gender mismatch)
Standalone proximal masc sg = acesta (with -a). Telefon is neuter → masc-sg agreement form acesta.
- Aceasta este sora mea.Aceasta este fratele meu. (gender mismatch with frate masc)
Aceasta is fem sg pronoun. Use with feminine referents (sora, fata, mama).
- Vreau acela, nu acesta.Vreau acel, nu acest.
Standalone: use long forms (acela, acesta with -a). Acel/acest are preposed adjective forms requiring a following noun.
Common mistakes
Using preposed forms (acest, acel) when standing alone
Acest este nou. / Vreau acel.Acesta este nou. / Vreau acela.Standalone pronouns need the long form with -a. Acest/acel only work BEFORE a noun.
Using specific demonstratives for abstract reference
Acesta nu este bine. (when referring to a situation)Asta nu este bine. (using neuter abstract)Abstract/situational reference uses the gender-agnostic neuter ASTA/AIA, not specific gender-marked acesta/aceea.
Interrogative Pronouns (cine, ce, care, cât)
Pronume interogative
Romanian's main question words for asking about people, things and choices: CINE (who — only for people/animates): Cine ești? Cine vine?; CE (what — for things, abstract, or with adjectives): Ce faci? Ce vrei? Ce frumos!; CARE (which — for selection from a set): Care îți place? Care carte?; CÂT/CÂTĂ/CÂȚI/CÂTE (how much/many — agrees with the noun): Cât costă? Câți copii ai? Câte cărți? CINE can also take case forms: PE CINE? (whom — DO) — Pe cine vezi?; CUI? (to whom — IO) — Cui îi spui? CE is invariable. CARE inflects (cărui, căruia at B1+). CÂT agrees in gender/number with the noun.
Key rule
CINE (who, people) / PE CINE (whom, DO) / CUI (to whom, IO). CE (what, things, invariable). CARE (which, from a set). CÂT/CÂTĂ/CÂȚI/CÂTE (how much/many, agrees with noun).
Examples
- Cine ești tu?Ce ești tu? (means 'what are you' — about profession or species)
Cine asks about identity of a person. Ce asks about thing/role. Both possible but with different intent.
- Pe cine vezi acolo?Cine vezi acolo? (without pe)
When cine is the DO of an animate verb, use 'pe cine' (with pe marker).
- Cui îi spui?Cine îi spui? (using nominative for dative)
Dative case = CUI. 'Cine îi spui' would treat cine as subject — meaningless here.
Common mistakes
Using CINE for things or CE for people
Cine este asta? (about an object) / Ce este profesoara? (about her identity)Ce este asta? (about a thing) / Cine este profesoara? (about her name/identity)Cine = people only. Ce = things/abstract. Use the right one for the referent type.
Forgetting 'pe' before cine as DO
Cine vezi? (= who sees? — interpreted as subject)Pe cine vezi? (= whom do you see? — clear DO)Animate DOs require pe-marking. 'Cine' as bare DO is ambiguous with subject reading.
Dumneavoastră - Polite Address (with 2pl Verb Agreement)
Pronumele de politețe 'dumneavoastră'
When you address someone politely or formally in Romanian, use DUMNEAVOASTRĂ (often abbreviated as Dvs. in writing). Unlike Spanish 'usted' (3sg verb) or German 'Sie' (3pl verb), Romanian dumneavoastră takes the 2PL verb (the 'voi' form): 'Dumneavoastră sunteți de aici?' (Are you from here? — formal sg), 'Cum vă numiți?' (What is your name? — using vă for 'you'). Use dumneavoastră with: strangers, professionals (doctors, teachers, officials), elderly people, in formal/business settings. With friends, family, peers and children: use TU + 2sg verb. There's also DUMNEATA (intermediate politeness, with 2sg or 3sg verbs) and DÂNSUL/DÂNSA (polite-distancing 'him/her', covered later).
Key rule
Dumneavoastră (Dvs.) = polite 'you' (sg or pl). Always takes 2pl verb form (sunteți, aveți, faceți). Object clitic = vă (vă văd, vă spun). Use with strangers, professionals, elders.
Examples
- Dumneavoastră sunteți doctorul Popescu?Dumneavoastră ești doctorul Popescu? / Dumneavoastră este doctorul Popescu?
Dumneavoastră ALWAYS takes 2pl verb: sunteți. Not 2sg ești, not 3sg este.
- Vă rog, ce oră este?Te rog, ce oră este? (to a stranger)
Polite 'please' to stranger: vă rog (derived from dumneavoastră). Te rog is informal.
- Vă mulțumesc, doamnă!Îți mulțumesc, doamnă! (mismatched politeness)
Polite 'thank you' = vă mulțumesc. Îți mulțumesc is informal.
Common mistakes
Using 'tu' with strangers
Tu ai timp pentru o întrebare? (to a doctor or stranger)Dumneavoastră aveți timp pentru o întrebare? / Aveți timp pentru o întrebare?Tu is for friends, family, peers. With strangers, default to dumneavoastră + 2pl.
Using 2sg verb with dumneavoastră
Dumneavoastră ești profesor?Dumneavoastră sunteți profesor?Dumneavoastră ALWAYS takes 2pl verb forms (like French vous), regardless of how many people you're addressing.
Preposition LA - Locative and Directional (to, at)
Prepoziția 'la' - Bază
LA is one of the most useful Romanian prepositions. It means BOTH 'to' (motion toward) and 'at' (static location). It's used with: PLACES (mostly cities, neighbourhoods, smaller/specific destinations) — la birou (at the office), la școală (at school), la magazin (at the store), la mare (at the sea), la munte (in the mountains), la București (in Bucharest); PEOPLE/SHOPS (going to someone's place) — la doctor (at the doctor's), la Maria (at Maria's); TIME — la ora cinci (at five o'clock), la prânz (at noon); IDIOMS — la fel (the same), la urma urmei (after all). LA usually takes the BARE noun (without an extra article in fixed expressions).
Key rule
LA = to / at. Used with: cities (la București), specific destinations (la birou, la magazin), people's places (la Maria), times (la ora cinci, la prânz), and many idioms. Take bare noun or articulated noun depending on specificity.
Examples
- Merg la birou.Merg în birou. (= inside the specific office room)
LA + birou = to work (generic/institutional). ÎN + birou would specify physical inside-ness of a specific room.
- Sunt la școală.Sunt în școală. (specifies physically inside)
LA școală = at school (as institution/activity). ÎN școală = inside the school building.
- Vin la tine la șase.Vin în tine la șase. (would mean 'inside you')
Visiting someone's place: la + tonic pronoun (la tine). Time: la + hour (la șase).
Common mistakes
Using ÎN with cities
În București / În ClujLa București / La ClujCities and small destinations take LA. Countries take ÎN: în România, în Franța.
Using ÎN with times of day
În prânz / În ora cinciLa prânz / La ora cinciTimes of day and specific hours use LA. ÎN is for months, years, seasons.
Preposition DE - Basic Uses (from, of, made of, by)
Prepoziția 'de' - Bază
DE is a multi-purpose preposition with several distinct meanings: ORIGIN — sunt DE LA Cluj (I am from Cluj, with compound 'de la'); MATERIAL — o masă DE lemn (a wooden table); AUTHORSHIP — o carte DE Eminescu (a book by Eminescu); CONTENTS/MEASURE — o cană DE cafea (a cup of coffee), un kilogram DE pâine (a kilogram of bread); CAUSE — bolnav DE gripă (sick with flu); WITH NUMBERS ≥ 20 — douăzeci DE cărți (20 books); WITH SUPIN — am DE făcut (I have to do). DE also forms compound prepositions: DIN (de + în) for origin from places, DE LA (de + la) for origin from a person/specific place, DE PE for from-on surfaces. The 'de' is short and very frequent — pay attention to its different meanings in context.
Key rule
DE = material (de lemn), authorship (de Eminescu), measure (o cană de cafea), cause (bolnav de gripă), with numerals ≥ 20 (20 de cărți), with supin (am de făcut). Compounds: DIN (from countries), DE LA (from specific places/people), DE PE (from-on).
Examples
- O masă de lemn.O masă lemn. / O masă din lemn (also OK).
Material: de lemn (most common) or din lemn (made-from). Both are correct; 'de lemn' is more common for simple description.
- O carte de Eminescu.O carte cu Eminescu. (means: a book WITH Eminescu)
Authorship: DE + author. 'Cu Eminescu' would mean 'together with E.' (e.g., a photo).
- Am 25 de ani.Am 25 ani.
Numerals ≥ 20 require 'de' before the counted noun: 25 de ani, 100 de oameni.
Common mistakes
Forgetting 'de' before numerals ≥ 20
Am 25 ani / O sută oameniAm 25 de ani / O sută de oameniRomanian's obligatory 'de' insertion after cardinals 20 and above. Below 20: no de (19 ani).
Using DE for origin from countries (instead of DIN)
Sunt de România / Vine de FranțaSunt din România / Vine din FranțaOrigin from country/region requires DIN (de + în compound). DE alone is wrong.
Preposition ÎN - Basic Uses (in, inside)
Prepoziția 'în' - Bază
ÎN means 'in' or 'inside' and is used for: COUNTRIES — în România, în Franța, în Europa; INTERIOR LOCATIONS — în casă (inside the house), în mașină (in the car), în cameră (in the room); LARGER AREAS — în oraș, în țară; LANGUAGES — vorbesc în română (I speak in Romanian); MONTHS AND YEARS — în august, în 2024; SEASONS — în vară, în iarnă; VACATION / SITUATIONS — sunt în vacanță, sunt în clasă. Unlike LA (which is for cities and specific destinations), ÎN is for countries and interior/enclosed spaces. ÎN + the noun usually takes the bare form (în casă, not 'în casa') unless the noun is being specified (în casa Mariei = inside Maria's house).
Key rule
ÎN = in/inside. Countries (în România), interiors (în casă, în mașină), months (în august), years (în 2024), seasons (în vară), languages (în română), states (în vacanță). LA for cities and specific destinations.
Examples
- Locuiesc în România.Locuiesc la România.
Countries take ÎN, not LA. La is for cities.
- Sunt în casă acum.Sunt la casă acum. (uncommon — la casa Mariei = at Maria's)
Inside a building: ÎN. La casă alone is rare; la + name = at someone's place.
- În august plec în vacanță.La august plec la vacanță.
Months: ÎN. Vacation: ÎN vacanță (state). La vacanță doesn't work.
Common mistakes
Using LA with countries
Sunt la România / Merg la ItaliaSunt în România / Merg în ItaliaCountries take ÎN, not LA. Cities take LA.
Using ÎN with cities (when context is conversational)
Sunt în București (acceptable formally; less natural in conversation)Sunt la București / În București (both acceptable; la is more conversational)Cities default to LA. ÎN with cities is more formal/bureaucratic.
Preposition PE - Locative Use (on, on top of)
Prepoziția 'pe' - Locativ
PE means 'on' or 'on top of' — used for surfaces and lists. Examples: cartea PE masă (the book on the table), pisica PE scaun (the cat on the chair), tabloul PE perete (the painting on the wall), pe stradă (on the street), pe listă (on the list), pe pagină (on the page). The contrast: PE = on surface, ÎN = inside, LA = at/to. NOTE: PE has a SECOND important use as the direct-object marker for specific animate objects (Îl văd pe Andrei = I see Andrei) — that's covered in a separate syntax tag. Here we focus only on the locative 'on'.
Key rule
PE (locative) = on / on top of a surface. Pe masă (on the table), pe stradă (on the street), pe pagina X (on page X), pe telefon (on the phone). Distinct from PE as DO marker (Îl văd pe Andrei — separate tag).
Examples
- Cartea este pe masă.Cartea este în masă. / Cartea este la masă.
Surface 'on top of': PE masă. ÎN masă = inside the table; LA masă = at the table (e.g., sitting).
- Pisica stă pe scaun.Pisica stă în scaun. / Pisica stă la scaun.
Cat sitting on top: pe scaun. (În scaun would be weird; la scaun is wrong here.)
- Tabloul este pe perete.Tabloul este în perete. (= inside the wall, weird)
On wall surface: pe perete.
Common mistakes
Using ÎN for surfaces
Cartea este în masă / Tabloul este în pereteCartea este pe masă / Tabloul este pe pereteÎN = inside / interior; PE = on top of / surface. Choose by spatial relationship.
Using LA for surfaces
Cartea este la masă / Pisica este la scaunCartea este pe masă / Pisica este pe scaunLA = at a point (location reference). PE = on a surface. With 'masă', 'la masă' means 'at the table' (sitting); 'pe masă' = on top of the table.
Preposition CU - Basic Uses (with, by means of)
Prepoziția 'cu'
CU means 'with' in most senses: ACCOMPANIMENT — vorbesc cu Andrei (I talk with Andrei), merg cu prietenii (I go with friends); INSTRUMENT / MEANS — scriu cu pixul (I write with the pen), merg cu mașina (I go by car); MANNER — cu plăcere (with pleasure), cu grijă (carefully); CONTENT — cafea cu lapte (coffee with milk), pâine cu unt (bread with butter); ACCOMPANYING FEATURE — o casă cu balcon (a house with a balcony). After CU, pronouns take TONIC forms: cu mine (with me), cu tine (with you), cu el / ea (with him / her).
Key rule
CU = with (accompaniment: cu prietenii), by means of (cu mașina, cu pixul), manner (cu plăcere), contents (cafea cu lapte), feature (casă cu balcon). Use tonic pronoun: cu mine, cu tine, cu el.
Examples
- Vorbesc cu Andrei.Vorbesc la Andrei. / Vorbesc despre Andrei (= about A.).
Talking with someone: cu + person. La Andrei = at Andrei's place; despre = about.
- Merg cu mașina la birou.Merg în mașina la birou. (focuses on inside instead of means)
Means of transport: cu mașina (by car). În mașina = inside the car (location, not means).
- Scriu cu pixul.Scriu pe pixul. / Scriu de pixul.
Instrument: cu + tool. Cu pixul = with the pen.
Common mistakes
Using subject pronouns after CU
Vine cu eu / Pleci cu el (correct only for 3sg since el = nominative AND tonic)Vine cu mine / Cu el (correct in 3sg) — but always tonic: cu mine, cu tine, cu noi, cu voi, cu ei, cu eleCU triggers tonic pronoun forms. For 1sg and 2sg the form differs (mine, tine — not eu, tu).
Using DE instead of CU for accompaniment / contents
Cafea de lapte / Pizza de ciuperciCafea cu lapte / Pizza cu ciuperciDE = material / origin / measure; CU = accompanying / containing. Choose by intent.
Preposition PENTRU - Recipient and Purpose (for)
Prepoziția 'pentru'
PENTRU means 'for' in several senses: RECIPIENT / BENEFACTOR — un cadou pentru tine (a gift for you), gătesc pentru familie (I cook for the family); PURPOSE — pentru a învăța (in order to learn — formal), pentru să învăț (more colloquial); DURATION — pentru cinci zile (for five days); REASON — vă mulțumesc pentru ajutor (thank you for the help). After PENTRU, pronouns take the TONIC form: pentru mine, pentru tine, pentru el, pentru ea, pentru noi, pentru voi, pentru ei, pentru ele.
Key rule
PENTRU = for (recipient: pentru tine, purpose: pentru a învăța / ca să învăț, duration: pentru cinci zile, reason: mulțumesc pentru ajutor). Pronoun after pentru: tonic form (pentru mine, pentru tine).
Examples
- Acest cadou este pentru tine.Acest cadou este de tine. / Acest cadou este la tine.
Recipient: PENTRU + tonic. De tine = about/of you; la tine = at your place.
- Gătesc pentru familie.Gătesc cu familie. (= I cook together with family, different meaning)
Benefactor: pentru. Cu familia = together with the family doing the cooking.
- Vă mulțumesc pentru ajutor.Vă mulțumesc cu ajutor. / Vă mulțumesc de ajutor (also acceptable, slightly less common).
Thanking for X: pentru X. 'Mulțumesc pentru' is standard; 'mulțumesc de' is heard regionally.
Common mistakes
Using subject pronouns after pentru
Pentru eu / Pentru tuPentru mine / Pentru tineLike cu, pentru takes tonic accusative pronouns (mine, tine, el, ea, noi, voi, ei, ele).
Using PENTRU SĂ for colloquial purpose
Pentru să învăț, citescCa să învăț, citesc / Pentru a învăța, citesc (formal)Romanian uses 'ca să' (colloquial) or 'pentru a' (formal). 'Pentru să' is generally non-standard, though occasionally heard in some contexts.
LA vs ÎN with Cities and Countries
La / în + țară / oraș
The single most important locative contrast in Romanian: LA + CITIES (la București, la Cluj, la Paris) but ÎN + COUNTRIES (în România, în Franța, în Italia). So 'I'm in Paris in France' = Sunt LA Paris ÎN Franța. For ORIGIN: DIN + countries (sunt din România) and DE LA + cities (vin de la Cluj). For LARGE NATURAL FEATURES: la mare (at the seaside), la munte (in the mountains, recreationally). For NEIGHBOURHOODS / SMALL AREAS: usually LA (la centru, la piață). For CONTINENTS: ÎN (în Europa, în Asia). The rule isn't perfect — some cities allow ÎN in formal/bureaucratic contexts — but at A1, stick to LA + city, ÎN + country.
Key rule
LA + cities (la București, la Cluj). ÎN + countries (în România, în Franța) and continents (în Europa). Origin: DIN + country (din România), DE LA + city (de la Cluj). Recreational: LA mare, LA munte.
Examples
- Locuiesc la București în România.Locuiesc în București la România. (reversed)
City: la. Country: în. Combine: la + city, în + country.
- Merg în Italia luna viitoare.Merg la Italia luna viitoare.
Italia is a country → ÎN. Cities take LA.
- Sunt din România.Sunt la România. / Sunt de România.
Origin from country: DIN. Cities use de la for origin (vin de la Cluj).
Common mistakes
Using ÎN with cities (English 'in Bucharest' calque)
În București / În Cluj / În ParisLa București / La Cluj / La ParisCities default to LA in everyday Romanian. ÎN with cities is heard formally but should be avoided at A1.
Using LA with countries
La România / La Franța / La ItaliaÎn România / În Franța / În ItaliaCountries take ÎN. The la/în split is the most reliable Romanian-specific locative rule.
Basic Time Prepositions (la, în, după, înainte de, peste)
Prepoziții temporale - Bază
Romanian uses different prepositions for different time references: LA for HOURS and times of day (la cinci, la prânz); ÎN for months, years, seasons (în august, în 2024, în vară); PE for specific dates (pe 5 mai); DUPĂ for 'after' (după ora cinci, după muncă); ÎNAINTE DE for 'before' (înainte de cină); PESTE for 'in X time' (peste o oră = in an hour, future); DE for 'since/for' an ongoing duration (de cinci ani = for the past five years); ACUM for 'now' or in 'X ago' constructions (acum cinci ani = five years ago). Memorise these as paired with their typical contexts.
Key rule
Time prepositions: LA + hour (la cinci), ÎN + month/year/season (în august), PE + specific date (pe 5 mai), DUPĂ + event (după muncă), ÎNAINTE DE + event (înainte de cină), PESTE + future span (peste o oră), DE + ongoing duration (de cinci ani), ACUM + period = ago.
Examples
- Ne vedem la cinci.Ne vedem în cinci. / Ne vedem pe cinci.
Hour: LA cinci. ÎN/PE used differently.
- Plec în august.Plec la august. / Plec pe august.
Month: ÎN august. LA is for hours; PE for specific dates.
- Ziua mea este pe 5 mai.Ziua mea este în 5 mai. / La 5 mai.
Specific date: PE. Month alone: ÎN. Hour: LA.
Common mistakes
Using LA for months
La august plec / La 2024 m-am mutatÎn august plec / În 2024 m-am mutatMonths and years take ÎN. LA is for specific hours.
Using ÎN for specific dates
În 5 mai este ziua meaPe 5 mai este ziua mea / Pe data de 5 maiSpecific dates: PE. ÎN is for month/year generally.
Basic Word Order (SVO) and Pro-drop
Topica de bază - SVO și omiterea subiectului
The default Romanian word order is SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT (SVO), like English: 'Maria citește o carte' (Maria reads a book). BUT because Romanian is PRO-DROP (drops subject pronouns when the verb ending is clear), the most common pattern in everyday speech is just VERB + COMPLEMENT: 'Citește o carte' (She reads a book). Romanian also allows flexible word order for EMPHASIS — you can front the object ('O carte citește Maria') or the verb (in narratives, exclamations, weather). For statements about existence or impersonal events, the verb often comes first: 'E frig' (It's cold), 'Este o problemă' (There's a problem). At A1, use SVO as your default but accept that speakers will often drop the subject and reorder for stress.
Key rule
Default: SVO (Maria citește o carte). With pro-drop: V+O (Citește o carte). Verb-first for weather (E frig), existential (Este o problemă), questions (Mergi?). Word order is flexible for emphasis.
Examples
- Maria citește o carte.Maria o carte citește. (literary, marked)
Default SVO. Object-final is the unmarked order.
- Citește o carte.Eu Maria citesc o carte. (redundant)
Pro-drop: subject dropped when clear from verb ending. 'Citește' (3sg) tells you the subject.
- E frig afară.Frig este afară. (less natural)
Weather/impersonal: verb-first. 'Este frig' or 'E frig' (colloquial) — verb at the front.
Common mistakes
Always using subject pronouns (English calque)
Eu mănânc, eu beau, eu plec...Mănânc, beau, plec (pro-drop)Romanian drops subject pronouns when the verb form is unambiguous. Constant pronouns sound emphatic or non-native.
Putting subject first in weather/existential
Frig este afară. / O problemă este.E frig afară. / Este o problemă.Impersonal weather and existential prefer V-first. Subject-first changes the focus.
Questions by Intonation (Informal)
Întrebări prin intonație
The most common way to ask yes/no questions in Romanian is by INTONATION ALONE — keep the same word order as a statement and raise your voice at the end. Statement: Mergi la birou. (You're going to the office.) Question: Mergi la birou? (Are you going to the office?). The only difference is the rising tone (and the question mark in writing). No auxiliary 'do/does' as in English. For more formal style, you can use SUBJECT-VERB INVERSION (Mergi tu? — covered at A2) or the particle OARE (Oare mergi?). At A1, intonation is by far the most useful pattern. WH-questions (Cine? Ce? Unde?) work the same way: question word at the front + verb + rest, with rising intonation.
Key rule
Yes/no questions: same word order as statement, rising intonation, question mark. No 'do/does' auxiliary. Mergi? = Are you going? WH-questions: question word first + verb + rest, with same rising tone.
Examples
- Mergi la birou?Faci tu să mergi la birou? (calque of 'do you go')
Romanian uses simple intonation. No 'do' auxiliary.
- Vine Maria?Face Maria să vină? (calque)
Direct intonation question. Subject pronoun (Maria) optional; verb form already 3sg.
- Ai timp acum?Tu ai timp acum? (with subject pronoun, less natural)
Pro-drop applies in questions. Tu used only for emphasis.
Common mistakes
Trying to use 'do/does' auxiliary
Faci mergi la birou? / Faci ai timp?Mergi la birou? / Ai timp?Romanian has no 'do' auxiliary for questions. Use simple verb + intonation.
Forgetting question mark in writing
Mergi la birou. (statement)Mergi la birou? (with question mark to signal intonation)In writing, the question mark is the only marker of the rising intonation.
Basic Question Words (unde, când, cum, de ce, cât)
Cuvinte interogative
The most useful Romanian question words for everyday questions: UNDE (where) — Unde mergi?; CÂND (when) — Când vii?; CUM (how) — Cum te numești?; DE CE (why) — De ce plângi?; CÂT/CÂTĂ/CÂȚI/CÂTE (how much / how many — agrees with the noun) — Cât costă? Câți copii ai?; CE (what — for things) — Ce faci?; CINE (who — for people) — Cine vine? The question word goes at the FRONT of the sentence, followed by the verb. Pro-drop applies (no subject pronoun needed). For 'who as direct object': PE CINE (Pe cine vezi?). For 'to whom': CUI (Cui îi spui?).
Key rule
WH-word at FRONT of sentence + verb + rest. Most important: UNDE (where), CÂND (when), CUM (how), DE CE (why), CÂT (how much). Plus pronouns CE, CINE, CARE, CÂT (with agreement).
Examples
- Unde mergi?Mergi unde? (echo-question style, marked)
WH-word first. 'Mergi unde?' is an echo asking for clarification, not a neutral question.
- Când vine Maria?Maria când vine? (subject-first, less natural)
Când + verb + (subject). Pro-drop if subject is clear.
- Cum te numești?Cum tu te numești? (subject redundant)
Cum + reflexive verb. Pronoun dropped.
Common mistakes
Putting subject pronoun between WH and verb
Unde tu mergi? / Când voi veniți?Unde mergi? / Când veniți?Pro-drop applies in WH-questions. Subject pronouns add emphasis but aren't grammatical necessities.
Using English-style 'how come' literal
Cum vine că nu mergi?Cum se face că nu mergi? / De ce nu mergi?Idiomatic: cum se face că (formal) or simple de ce (common).
The PE Direct-Object Marker - Introduction (with Proper Names)
'Pe' - Marker al obiectului direct (introducere)
Romanian uses the preposition PE to mark specific or animate direct objects. The most basic case: PROPER NAMES (people you can name) — O cunosc pe Maria (I know Maria), Îl iubesc pe Andrei (I love Andrei), Am văzut-o pe sora ta (I saw your sister). Note that whenever you use 'pe + name', you MUST also include a clitic pronoun (o, îl, etc.) before the verb. This is CLITIC DOUBLING — a defining feature of Romanian. Without pe and the clitic, the sentence is ungrammatical. Compare: Cunosc Bucureștiul (no pe, no clitic — inanimate non-specific) vs O cunosc pe Maria (with pe AND clitic — animate proper name). This is similar to Spanish 'a personal' but more elaborate.
Key rule
Pe + proper name (person) = obligatory DO marker, PLUS a clitic before the verb. Îl cunosc pe Andrei (masc), O cunosc pe Maria (fem), Îi cunosc pe ei (pl). Without pe: only for inanimate / non-specific DOs.
Examples
- O cunosc pe Maria.Cunosc Maria. / Cunosc pe Maria. (missing clitic)
Pe + proper name needs BOTH pe AND a clitic (o for fem 3sg). Both elements obligatory.
- Îl iubesc pe Andrei.Iubesc Andrei. / Iubesc pe Andrei.
Pe + masc proper name + îl (masc 3sg clitic). All three elements together.
- Îi văd pe Ion și Vasile.Văd Ion și Vasile.
Plural masc proper names + îi (3pl masc clitic) + pe + names.
Common mistakes
Missing the clitic when pe is used
Cunosc pe Maria / Văd pe AndreiO cunosc pe Maria / Îl văd pe AndreiPe + proper name REQUIRES the matching clitic before the verb. Without it, the sentence is ungrammatical (clitic doubling is obligatory in Romanian's DOM).
Using pe with inanimate objects unnecessarily
O citesc pe carte / Îl văd pe orașCitesc cartea / Văd orașulInanimate DOs don't take pe. Pe is reserved for animate/specific (esp. human) DOs.
Basic Coordination (și, sau, dar, ori)
Coordonare - Bază
Romanian's basic coordinators are: ȘI (and) — Andrei și Maria, beau cafea și ceai; SAU (or) — cafea sau ceai?; DAR (but) — îmi place, dar e scump (I like it, but it's expensive); ORI (or — alternative form of sau) — vii ori nu? They connect words, phrases, or whole clauses. Note: ȘI also means 'too / also' as a focus particle (covered separately in the next tag). Common patterns: nici... nici... (neither... nor...) and ori... ori... (either... or...). At A1, drill și/sau/dar with everyday clauses.
Key rule
Coordinators: ȘI (and), SAU (or, everyday), DAR (but), ORI (or, alternative). Correlatives: nici... nici... (neither... nor... + obligatory nu), ori... ori... (either... or...).
Examples
- Andrei și Maria vin la petrecere.Andrei, Maria vin (without și).
Coordinator ȘI connects two subjects. Plural verb vin.
- Cafea sau ceai?Cafea dar ceai? (= but, wrong sense)
Disjunctive: sau. DAR is for contrast.
- Vreau să vin, dar nu pot.Vreau să vin și nu pot. (loses contrast)
Adversative: DAR signals contrast/limitation. ȘI would be neutral coordination.
Common mistakes
Using ȘI for contrast
Vreau să vin și nu pot.Vreau să vin, dar nu pot.ȘI = and (neutral addition). DAR = but (contrast). The English 'but' should map to DAR, not ȘI.
Using SAU for contrast
Îmi place, sau e scump.Îmi place, dar e scump.SAU = or (disjunction). DAR = but (contrast). Different functions.
ȘI Meaning 'Also / Too' (Focus Particle)
'Și' cu sensul 'și el / și eu'
ȘI has TWO important meanings: (1) AS COORDINATOR — 'and' (Andrei și Maria); (2) AS FOCUS PARTICLE — 'also / too / even', placed BEFORE the element it adds: Vine și el (He's coming too / also he comes), Vorbesc și engleză (I also speak English), Și eu sunt aici (Me too is here / I am here too). The position of ȘI is the key — it goes BEFORE the new element being added. Compare: 'Eu și el venim' (Andrei and I come, coordination) vs 'Vine și el' (he too comes, focus). Both meanings use the same word 'și', so context and position matter.
Key rule
Focus-particle ȘI = 'also / too / even', goes BEFORE the focused element. Și eu (me too), Vine și el (he comes too), Vorbesc și engleză (I also speak English). Distinct from coordinator ȘI (between two elements).
Examples
- Vine și el la petrecere.El vine și la petrecere. (means: he comes also to the party = and other places)
ȘI before subject 'el': he too comes. Position determines meaning.
- Și eu sunt obosit.Eu sunt și obosit (means: I am also tired = on top of other states).
ȘI before subject 'eu': me too. Position matters.
- Vorbesc și engleză.Vorbesc engleză și (incomplete) / Și vorbesc engleză (= and I speak English, list)
ȘI before object 'engleză': also English. Adding it to other languages.
Common mistakes
Putting ȘI in wrong position (treating it as 'and')
El vine și (incomplete — looks like a list) / Vorbesc engleza și (incomplete)Vine și el / Vorbesc și englezaFocus-particle ȘI goes BEFORE the new element, not as an end-of-sentence afterthought.
Using ȘI EU for 'me too' with îmi place
Și eu îmi place ciocolata.Și mie îmi place ciocolata.A plăcea has dative experiencer (mie). Match: și mie (not și eu for nominative).
Time Sequence Markers (mai întâi, apoi, după aceea, în sfârșit)
Marcatori temporali - Bază
When you tell a story or describe a sequence of events, Romanian uses these connector phrases: MAI ÎNTÂI (first / first of all) — Mai întâi mă trezesc, apoi mă spăl; APOI (then / after that) — sequential link; DUPĂ ACEEA (afterwards / after that) — slightly more emphatic than apoi; ÎN SFÂRȘIT / ÎN FINAL (finally / at last) — for the last item; LA ÎNCEPUT (at the beginning) — to set the start; LA URMĂ (in the end). Position: usually at the START of the clause they introduce. Use them to structure narratives at A1: morning routines, recipes, weekend stories.
Key rule
Time sequence: MAI ÎNTÂI (first) → APOI (then) → DUPĂ ACEEA (afterwards) → ÎN SFÂRȘIT (finally). Position: at the start of the clause, comma-separated in writing.
Examples
- Mai întâi mă trezesc, apoi mă spăl.Mă trezesc întâi, mă spăl apoi.
Connectors at the start of each clause. End-position is unnatural.
- Apoi merg la birou.Merg apoi la birou. (less natural)
APOI at the front of the clause. Mid-sentence is possible but marked.
- După aceea mănânc.Mănânc după aceea. (with reversed order — different focus)
DUPĂ ACEEA + clause. The connector opens the new event.
Common mistakes
Putting connectors at the end of clauses
Mă trezesc întâi, mă spăl apoi.Mai întâi mă trezesc, apoi mă spăl.Time-sequence connectors go at the START of the clause they introduce. End-position is marked or unnatural.
Confusing APOI and ATUNCI
Apoi am decis să rămân (when meaning 'at that point').Atunci am decis să rămân (= at that moment) / Apoi am decis (= next, after that)APOI = sequential 'next'; ATUNCI = punctual 'at that moment / then'. Subtle but distinct.
Basic Negation with 'nu' before the Verb
Negația cu 'nu'
To make a Romanian sentence negative, put NU before the verb. So: Vorbesc → Nu vorbesc (I don't speak), Am o problemă → Nu am o problemă (I don't have a problem), Este aici → Nu este aici (It's not here). If there's an object pronoun (clitic), 'nu' goes BEFORE the clitic: Nu mă cunoaște (He doesn't know me), Nu-i place (He/she doesn't like it). Before vowels, 'nu' often ELIDES with a hyphen: n-am (= nu am), n-ai (= nu ai), n-aș (= nu aș). These elisions are common in speech and writing.
Key rule
Negation: NU + verb. With clitics: NU + clitic + verb (Nu mă cunoaște). Before vowels, elide with hyphen: n-am, n-ai, n-aș (= nu am, nu ai, nu aș).
Examples
- Nu vorbesc franceză.Vorbesc nu franceză. / Nu eu vorbesc franceză. (the latter is emphatic 'It's not me who speaks French')
NU before the verb. Simple sentence-initial negation.
- Nu am bani.Am nu bani. / N-am bani (elision — also correct).
NU + a avea. Elision to n-am is common in speech and writing.
- Nu mă cunoaște.Mă nu cunoaște. / Nu cunoaște mă.
NU comes BEFORE the clitic, which comes before the verb. Order: nu + mă + verb.
Common mistakes
Placing NU after the verb (English calque)
Vorbesc nu franceză / Am nu baniNu vorbesc franceză / Nu am baniNU always precedes the verb in Romanian. English 'don't speak' has the negation before the main verb, similar.
Placing NU after the clitic
Mă nu cunoaște / Îmi nu placeNu mă cunoaște / Nu îmi placeOrder: NU + clitic + verb. Negation is the outermost element.
Obligatory Double Negation (nu am nimic, nu vine nimeni)
Dubla negație obligatorie
Romanian REQUIRES double negation: when you use a negative word like NIMIC (nothing), NIMENI (nobody), NICIODATĂ (never), NICĂIERI (nowhere), or NICIUN/NICIO (no/not any), you must ALSO keep NU on the verb. So: Nu am NIMIC (I have nothing — lit. 'I don't have nothing'), Nu vine NIMENI (Nobody comes — lit. 'Doesn't come nobody'), Nu spun NICIODATĂ minciuni (I never tell lies). This is different from standard English ('I have nothing' = no 'not') and French ('je n'ai rien' = obligatory 'ne'). Romanian patterns with Spanish, Italian, and most Romance languages on this. Don't be tempted to drop the 'nu' — without it, the sentence is ungrammatical.
Key rule
Negative quantifiers (nimic, nimeni, niciodată, nicăieri, niciun, nici) ALWAYS require NU on the verb. Nu am nimic / Nu vine nimeni / Nu spun niciodată. Without nu, the sentence is ungrammatical.
Examples
- Nu am nimic.Am nimic.
Romanian requires both NU and NIMIC. Drop the nu and the sentence is wrong.
- Nu vine nimeni.Vine nimeni.
Double negation with subject pronoun nimeni. The 'nu' is still obligatory.
- Nu spun niciodată minciuni.Spun niciodată minciuni.
Niciodată requires nu. Position can vary, but nu stays.
Common mistakes
Dropping 'nu' (English calque)
Am nimic / Vine nimeni / Merg nicăieriNu am nimic / Nu vine nimeni / Nu merg nicăieriRomanian negative concord is OBLIGATORY. The negative quantifier alone is ungrammatical.
Using 'nimic' without negation context (where 'ceva' = anything would work)
Am nimic? (intending: do I have anything?)Am ceva? (positive: do I have something/anything?)NIMIC is a negative-polarity item (= nothing). For 'anything' in questions, use CEVA.
Negative Words: nimic (nothing), niciodată (never), nicăieri (nowhere)
'Nimic', 'niciodată', 'nicăieri'
Three essential Romanian negative quantifier-adverbs: NIMIC (nothing) — Nu fac nimic (I'm not doing anything); NICIODATĂ (never) — Nu spun niciodată minciuni (I never lie); NICĂIERI (nowhere) — Nu merg nicăieri (I'm going nowhere). All three REQUIRE 'nu' on the verb (double negation). Position: typically AFTER the verb (Nu spun nimic) but can be FRONTED for emphasis (Nimic nu spun = It's nothing I say). For positive 'something / sometime / somewhere', use CEVA, CÂNDVA, UNDEVA respectively.
Key rule
Three negative words: NIMIC (nothing) ↔ ceva, NICIODATĂ (never) ↔ cândva, NICĂIERI (nowhere) ↔ undeva. All trigger obligatory NU on the verb. Position: after the verb (default) or fronted for emphasis.
Examples
- Nu fac nimic acum.Fac nimic acum. / Nu fac ceva acum (= I'm not doing something, less natural for emphatic 'nothing')
Nimic + obligatory nu. For 'I'm not doing anything' (neutral), 'nu fac ceva' is also acceptable but 'nimic' is the negative-emphasis choice.
- Nu spun niciodată minciuni.Spun niciodată minciuni.
Niciodată requires nu. Position after verb (or before, see fronting).
- Nu merg nicăieri astăzi.Merg nicăieri astăzi.
Nicăieri triggers nu.
Common mistakes
Dropping 'nu' with these quantifiers
Fac nimic / Spun niciodată / Merg nicăieriNu fac nimic / Nu spun niciodată / Nu merg nicăieriObligatory double negation: nu + negative quantifier.
Using negative quantifier in questions (where positive is needed)
Vrei nimic? (= do you want nothing?, unnatural)Vrei ceva? (= do you want something/anything?)In affirmative questions, use ceva/cândva/undeva for 'any-' meanings. NIMIC etc. are only for negative statements.
Negative Pronoun nimeni (nobody) - with Obligatory pe
'Nimeni' și 'pe nimeni'
NIMENI means 'nobody / no one' and refers to people. It requires NU on the verb (double negation). As SUBJECT: Nu vine NIMENI (Nobody is coming). As DIRECT OBJECT (animate): must be preceded by PE — Nu cunosc PE NIMENI (I don't know anyone), Nu văd PE NIMENI (I see nobody). Like all animate specific direct objects, nimeni triggers the pe-marker — same rule as with proper names (Îl cunosc pe Andrei). With nimeni as DO, a clitic isn't typically added because nimeni is non-specific. Positive counterpart: CINEVA (somebody, anybody — in positive questions).
Key rule
NIMENI = nobody. As SUBJECT: Nu vine nimeni (+ obligatory nu). As DIRECT OBJECT: PE NIMENI + obligatory nu (Nu cunosc pe nimeni). Animate DO requires pe-marker even with negative pronoun. Positive: CINEVA.
Examples
- Nu vine nimeni.Vine nimeni.
Nimeni as subject + obligatory nu.
- Nu cunosc pe nimeni aici.Nu cunosc nimeni aici.
Animate DO requires pe: pe nimeni. Without pe, ungrammatical.
- Nu văd pe nimeni în parc.Nu văd nimeni în parc.
Animate DO pe nimeni.
Common mistakes
Forgetting PE before nimeni as DO
Nu cunosc nimeni / Nu văd nimeniNu cunosc pe nimeni / Nu văd pe nimeniAnimate DO requires pe-marker even with negative pronoun. NIMENI as subject = no pe; as DO = pe nimeni.
Dropping NU with nimeni
Vine nimeni / Cunosc pe nimeniNu vine nimeni / Nu cunosc pe nimeniDouble negation: nimeni always requires nu on the verb.
NICI (neither / not even) and NICI... NICI... (neither... nor...)
'Nici' și 'nici... nici...'
NICI has three useful meanings: (1) 'NEITHER / ME NEITHER' as response — Nu vin. — Nici eu. (I'm not coming. — Me neither.); (2) 'NOT EVEN' as emphatic intensifier — Nu am nici un ban (I don't even have a single coin); (3) 'NEITHER... NOR...' as correlative pair — Nu mănânc NICI carne, NICI pește (I eat neither meat nor fish). All three uses require NU on the verb (or imply negation in fragments). NICI is the negative counterpart of focus-particle ȘI (also/too): ȘI eu (me too, positive) ↔ NICI eu (me neither, negative). Position: before the focused element.
Key rule
NICI = neither / not even / nor. (1) Response: Nici eu (me neither). (2) Intensifier: Nici un ban (not even one coin). (3) Correlative: Nu mănânc nici carne, nici pește. Always with obligatory NU on the verb (in full sentences).
Examples
- Nu vin la petrecere. — Nici eu.Nu vin la petrecere. — Și eu (= I'm coming too, contradicts).
Negative response 'me neither' = NICI. ȘI eu would be a positive response (Me too coming).
- Nici mie nu îmi place cafeaua.Nici eu nu îmi place cafeaua.
With îmi place (dative experiencer), use dative tonic 'mie': nici mie.
- Nu am nici un ban.Am nici un ban. (missing nu)
Nici as intensifier 'not even' + obligatory nu.
Common mistakes
Using ȘI instead of NICI in negative response
Nu îmi place. — Și mie.Nu îmi place. — Nici mie.Negative statement → negative response: NICI. ȘI would assert positive ('me too' as in 'I like it too').
Dropping NU with NICI... NICI correlative
Mănânc nici carne, nici pește.Nu mănânc nici carne, nici pește.Double negation: NICI requires NU on the verb. Drop the nu and the sentence is ungrammatical.
The Five Romanian Diacritics (ă, â, î, ș, ț)
Cele cinci diacritice românești
Romanian uses FIVE special letters with diacritics: Ă/ă (a-breve, pronounced like the 'a' in English 'about' — a schwa /ə/); Â/â (a-circumflex, pronounced /ɨ/ — a high central vowel, unique to Romanian); Î/î (i-circumflex, same sound as â: /ɨ/); Ș/ș (s with comma-below, pronounced 'sh' /ʃ/); Ț/ț (t with comma-below, pronounced 'ts' /ts/). Without these diacritics, words can be unrecognizable or change meaning (a vs ă, sa vs ză). Always use them — they are not optional. Romanian keyboards and phone layouts have them; learn to type them.
Key rule
Five diacritics: ă (/ə/ schwa), â (/ɨ/), î (/ɨ/), ș (/ʃ/), ț (/ts/). All five are full letters, not optional accents. Use them in all formal writing.
Examples
- casă (house, indefinite)casa (= 'the house', definite — different meaning)
Diacritic distinguishes word forms: casă (indef) vs casa (definite). The -ă vs -a contrast is critical.
- să fac (= subjunctive 'that I do')sa fac (= 'his/her [feminine] I do' — nonsense)
Diacritic on a → ă changes the word from possessive 'sa' to subjunctive marker 'să'.
- pâine (bread)paine (without â, ambiguous or wrong)
Internal a → â for the /ɨ/ sound. Without diacritic, the word is hard to read.
Common mistakes
Omitting all diacritics in formal writing
Sunt din Romania. Vorbesc romana.Sunt din România. Vorbesc româna.Diacritics are obligatory in formal writing. Their absence marks casual/SMS style only.
Using a for ă in writing
casa pentru casă (in indefinite context)casă (with ă for indefinite)The vowels are distinct sounds and distinct forms. ă is mandatory where required.
â vs î - The Position Rule (Basic)
Regula â / î - Bază
â and î are pronounced THE SAME (/ɨ/) — they are just two spellings of one sound. The rule (from the 1993 spelling reform): use Î at the START or END of a word (în, începe, urî, omorî), and use  inside a word (cuvânt, român, când, mâine). So 'în românește' has î at the start AND â inside român. Words with prefixes added to î-initial bases keep î: neînțeles (un-+înțeles), reîntoarce (re-+întoarce). 'Sunt' is no longer 'sînt' (also changed in 1993). Before 1993, only î was used everywhere.
Key rule
â and î = same sound /ɨ/, different positions. Î at word START (în, începe) or END (urî, hotărî). Â INSIDE the word (cuvânt, român, când). Prefix-added words keep Î (reîntoarce, neînțeles).
Examples
- înân
Word-initial /ɨ/ = î. Always at start.
- începeâncepe
Word-initial î preserved.
- cuvânt (word)cuvînt (pre-1993 spelling)
Internal /ɨ/ = â. Modern spelling.
Common mistakes
Using î inside words (pre-1993 style)
cuvînt, romîn, mîine, vîntcuvânt, român, mâine, vântAfter 1993, internal /ɨ/ is spelled â. The î-inside spelling persists in some Moldovan publications and old books.
Using â at word edges
ân, âncepe, urâîn, începe, urîEdges (start/end) take î. Â is strictly internal.
Ș and Ț (with comma-below, not cedilla)
'Ș' și 'ț' cu virgulă
Romanian's Ș (sh sound /ʃ/) and Ț (ts sound /ts/) are written with a COMMA BELOW the letter, NOT a cedilla. So: Ș/ș, Ț/ț (comma) — correct. Ş/ş, Ţ/ţ (cedilla, French/Turkish style) — incorrect for Romanian. The difference is small visually but matters: the comma-below versions are the Romanian standard. On some old computers and fonts, the cedilla forms appear by default — install Romanian fonts and a Romanian keyboard to get the comma-below versions. Unicode codes: Ș = U+0218, ș = U+0219, Ț = U+021A, ț = U+021B.
Key rule
Ș and Ț use COMMA BELOW (Ș/ș, Ț/ț), not cedilla (Ş/ş, Ţ/ţ). Both are /ʃ/ and /ts/ phonetically but the comma-below form is the modern Romanian standard.
Examples
- țară (with comma-below ț)ţară (with cedilla — looks wrong)
Modern norm: comma-below. Cedilla is for French/Turkish, not Romanian.
- șapte (with comma-below ș)şapte (with cedilla)
Comma-below ș is the Romanian standard.
- vorbește (with comma-below ș)vorbeşte
All Romanian ș instances use comma-below.
Common mistakes
Using cedilla copied from old documents
Pasting 'paşaport' from an old PDFRetype as 'pașaport' with comma-below șOld encodings used cedilla; modern Romanian requires comma-below. Update copied text.
Mixing cedilla and comma-below in same document
Some words with ş, others with șStandardise to ș throughoutConsistency matters. Mix produces visually jarring text.
Tu vs Dumneavoastră - Choosing the Right Address
'Tu' vs 'dumneavoastră'
Romanian distinguishes between INFORMAL and FORMAL ways to address people. Use TU (with 2sg verbs like ai, ești, faci) with: friends, family members, children, pets, peers your age, people you've been invited to address as 'tu'. Use DUMNEAVOASTRĂ (with 2pl verbs like aveți, sunteți, faceți) with: strangers, customers, professionals (doctors, teachers, officials), elderly people, anyone in a formal/business context. When unsure, START with dumneavoastră — people can invite you to switch to tu ('hai pe tu') if appropriate. The wrong choice is socially noticeable: 'tu' to a stranger sounds rude; 'dumneavoastră' between friends sounds distant or sarcastic.
Key rule
TU + 2sg verb = informal (friends, family, peers, children). DUMNEAVOASTRĂ + 2pl verb = formal/polite (strangers, professionals, elders, in service). Object: TU → te / îți; DUMNEAVOASTRĂ → vă.
Examples
- Bună, Maria! Ce mai faci? (to a friend)Bună, Maria! Ce mai faceți? (sounds cold/distant to a friend)
With friends, tu + 2sg verb (faci). Using dumneavoastră is overly formal.
- Bună ziua, doamnă! Ce mai faceți? (to a stranger)Bună ziua, doamnă! Ce mai faci? (rude to a stranger)
With strangers, dumneavoastră + 2pl verb (faceți). Using tu is impolite.
- Te ascult, dragul meu. (to family)Vă ascult, dragul meu. (sounds odd)
Informal: te (acc clitic). With family/loved ones, use tu forms.
Common mistakes
Using tu with strangers
Ai timp acum? (to a stranger)Aveți timp acum? / Dumneavoastră aveți timp acum?With strangers, default to dumneavoastră + 2pl. Tu sounds rude or overly familiar.
Using 2sg verb with dumneavoastră
Dumneavoastră ai timp?Dumneavoastră aveți timp?Dumneavoastră always takes 2pl verb forms (like French vous, Italian voi historic).
Formal Greetings (Bună ziua, Bună dimineața, La revedere)
Saluturi formale
Formal Romanian greetings change by time of day: BUNĂ DIMINEAȚA (good morning, until ~10am); BUNĂ ZIUA (good day, the all-purpose midday/afternoon greeting); BUNĂ SEARA (good evening, from late afternoon). For goodbye: LA REVEDERE (goodbye, formal), O ZI BUNĂ! (have a good day!), O SEARĂ BUNĂ! (have a good evening!). When meeting someone for the first time: ÎMI PARE BINE DE CUNOȘTINȚĂ (pleased to meet you) — formal; ÎMI PARE BINE — shorter version. Address with titles: DOMNULE (sir / Mr.), DOAMNĂ (madam / Mrs.), DOMNIȘOARĂ (Miss — less used now). Use these formal greetings in business, with strangers, and with elders.
Key rule
Formal greetings by time: Bună dimineața (morning), Bună ziua (midday/default), Bună seara (evening). Goodbye: La revedere, O zi bună! Meeting: Îmi pare bine. Use with titles: Domnule, Doamnă.
Examples
- Bună ziua, doamnă! Cum vă pot ajuta?Salut, doamnă! Cum te pot ajuta?
With a stranger/customer: Bună ziua + polite forms (vă, dumneavoastră).
- Bună dimineața, domnule profesor!Hey, profesor! (way too informal in this context)
Morning + formal address with title (domnule + profession).
- La revedere, doamnă! O zi bună!Pa, doamnă! (mixing registers)
Formal goodbye: La revedere + wish for good day/evening.
Common mistakes
Using 'Bună' alone with a stranger
Bună, doamnă! (informal)Bună ziua, doamnă!'Bună' alone is informal (= hi). With formal context, use full 'Bună ziua' / 'Bună seara'.
Mixing greeting and register
Bună ziua, ce mai faci? (formal greeting + informal verb)Bună ziua, ce mai faceți? (or all informal: Bună, ce mai faci?)Match the entire utterance to one register: formal greeting + formal verb, or informal + informal.
Informal Greetings (Salut, Bună, Ciao, Pa)
Saluturi informale
Informal greetings for friends, family, and peers: SALUT (hi — most common), BUNĂ (hi/hello — neutral, slightly softer), CIAO (Italian borrowing — cool, popular with young people), HAI (hey, or 'come on'), HEY (English borrowing in youth slang). For goodbye: PA (bye — most common), PA PA (bye-bye, affectionate), CIAO (also for goodbye), LA REVEDERE (formal version, also used informally with slight irony), HAI PA (come on, bye), TE SALUT (cheers / take care, semi-formal). For 'how are you?': CE MAI FACI? / CE FACI? Response: BINE, MULȚUMESC (well, thanks). Quick exchanges: 'Salut! Ce mai faci? — Bine, tu? — Și eu, mersi.' Use TU + 2sg verbs throughout.
Key rule
Informal greetings: Salut, Bună, Ciao (hello); Pa, Ciao, Hai pa (goodbye). 'How are you?': Ce mai faci? / Bună, ce faci? Response: Bine, mulțumesc / mersi! Use with TU + 2sg verbs throughout.
Examples
- Salut, Maria! Ce mai faci?Salut, doamnă Popescu! Ce faceți? (mixing salut with polite verb)
Match register: salut + tu + faci. To a stranger, use Bună ziua + faceți.
- Bună, ce faci?Bună ziua, ce faci? (mixing formal greeting with informal verb)
Bună alone is informal. Bună ziua is formal — match verbs accordingly.
- Ciao! Pa pa!Ciao! La revedere! (mixing playful with formal)
Ciao + pa pa: consistently informal. With formal context: La revedere alone.
Common mistakes
Using 'Salut' with strangers/in formal contexts
Salut, doamnă! (to a stranger)Bună ziua, doamnă!Salut is informal. With strangers/professionals: Bună ziua / Bună seara.
Mixing 'Bună ziua' (formal) with 'tu' verbs
Bună ziua! Ce mai faci?Bună! Ce mai faci? (informal) OR Bună ziua! Ce mai faceți? (formal)Consistency: formal greeting + formal verbs, or informal + informal. Don't mix.
Recognising Romance Cognates (Latin/French/Spanish/Italian overlap)
Cuvinte înrudite romanice
Romanian is a Romance language — it shares thousands of words with French, Spanish, Italian and English (the latter via Latin). Many common Romanian words look or sound like their Romance cousins: CASĂ (Sp casa, It casa, Fr case 'box'), APĂ (Lat aqua, Sp agua, Fr eau), MASĂ (Lat mensa, Sp mesa, Fr table), NOAPTE (Lat noctem, Sp noche, Fr nuit, It notte), MÂINE (cras... actually different, but: mâine = tomorrow), A CÂNTA (Sp cantar, Fr chanter), A VEDEA (Sp ver, Fr voir, It vedere), A FACE (Sp hacer, Fr faire, It fare). If you know French, Spanish, or Italian, you'll recognise dozens of A1 words instantly. WATCH OUT for FALSE FRIENDS: a realiza (mainly means 'to notice/become aware' in modern Romanian, not 'to accomplish'), prost (means 'stupid', not French 'prostitute' or English 'prosperity'), simpatic (means 'likeable/nice', not 'sympathetic').
Key rule
Romanian shares ~70-80% basic vocabulary with Latin-derived languages. Easy cognates: casă, apă, masă, pâine, vin, a cânta, a vedea, a face. Watch out for FALSE FRIENDS: a realiza (notice, not accomplish), prost (stupid), simpatic (likeable, not sympathetic).
Examples
- casă (house) — Sp casa, It casa, Fr caseConfusing with French 'case' (= box)
Romanian casă = Spanish/Italian casa. French 'case' has shifted meaning. Use casă in Romanian.
- apă (water) — Lat aqua, Sp agua, Fr eauUsing Fr 'l'eau' or Sp 'agua'
Romanian shifted Lat aqua to apă. Recognizable but spelled differently.
- pâine (bread) — Lat panem, Sp pan, It pane, Fr painUsing *pan / *paine without diacritic
Cognate of pan/pane/pain. Romanian adds â diacritic.
Common mistakes
Translating 'realize' as 'a realiza' for 'to accomplish'
Am realizat marele meu vis (intending: I accomplished my big dream)Am împlinit marele meu vis. / Am atins marele meu vis.A realiza in modern Romanian primarily means 'to notice/become aware'. For 'accomplish/achieve': a împlini, a atinge, a îndeplini.
Using 'prost' carelessly
Calling someone 'prost' in casual conversationBe very careful — 'prost' is offensive. Use 'nepriceput' (unskilled), 'naiv' (naive) for milder meanings.Prost is a strong insult. Don't use it lightly with strangers or in professional contexts.
Awareness of the Slavic Layer in Everyday Vocabulary
Stratul slav în vocabular
Romanian's vocabulary is mostly Latin-derived but has an important SLAVIC LAYER absorbed over centuries of contact with Old Church Slavonic and neighbouring Slavic languages. Common everyday Slavic-origin words at A1: DA (yes), PRIETEN (friend), CEAS (clock/watch), DRAG (dear), ZAHĂR (sugar), TRUP (body), VESEL (cheerful), SUTĂ (hundred), MILĂ (mercy/pity), POFTĂ (appetite), DEJA (already, from Slavic уже), DACĂ (if — partly Slavic). Plus most names of weekdays except for the Latin-origin majority (SÂMBĂTĂ = Saturday, from Sabbath). You don't need to memorise origin — just recognise these words as native Romanian (not foreign). They are completely integrated and used everyday.
Key rule
Romanian's Slavic vocabulary layer is fully integrated. High-frequency A1 Slavic words: DA (yes), PRIETEN (friend), CEAS (clock), ZAHĂR (sugar), DRAG (dear), DEJA (already), DACĂ (if), SUTĂ (hundred). Don't worry about origin — just learn the words.
Examples
- Da, sunt prietenul tău.(no alternative — 'da' has no Latin synonym in Romanian for 'yes')
Da = yes (Slavic origin). Universally used. There's no Romance alternative.
- Mi-e drag de tine.Mi-e plăcut de tine. (different meaning: 'I find you pleasant')
Drag (Slavic) = dear/beloved. A core affectionate word.
- Sunt prieten cu el.Sunt amic cu el. (amic exists but is rarer)
Prieten (Slavic) is the standard everyday word. 'Amic' (Latin) exists but is bookish.
Common mistakes
Treating Slavic-derived words as 'foreign' or wrong
Avoiding 'prieten' in favour of awkward 'amic' or 'companion'Use 'prieten' — it's the standard everyday word.Slavic-origin words are 100% integrated. They are normal Romanian.
Substituting Romance synonyms where Slavic is standard
Using 'amic' instead of 'prieten'Prefer 'prieten' (everyday). 'Amic' is bookish/literary.Even if Romance speakers prefer 'amic' (familiar via amico/ami), Romanian usage favours prieten.
Cardinal Numbers 1-20 (with gender split at 1 and 2)
Numerale 1-20
Romanian numbers 1-10: UNU/UNA (one — gender-marked: un/o before nouns), DOI/DOUĂ (two — gender-marked!), TREI, PATRU, CINCI, ȘASE, ȘAPTE, OPT, NOUĂ, ZECE. Numbers 11-19 use the structure 'X-SPREZECE' (X-on-ten): UNSPREZECE (11), DOISPREZECE / DOUĂSPREZECE (12 — gender-marked!), TREISPREZECE (13), PATRUSPREZECE (14), CINCISPREZECE (15), ȘAISPREZECE (16), ȘAPTESPREZECE (17), OPTSPREZECE (18), NOUĂSPREZECE (19). At 20: DOUĂZECI (two-tens). IMPORTANT: 1, 2, and 12 have separate masc/fem forms (un copil — o casă; doi băieți — două fete; doisprezece băieți — douăsprezece fete). The other numbers don't change.
Key rule
Cardinals 1-20: unu/un/o (1), doi/două (2), trei, patru, cinci, șase, șapte, opt, nouă, zece, unsprezece (11), doisprezece/douăsprezece (12), ... nouăsprezece (19), douăzeci (20). Numbers 1, 2, and 12 are GENDER-MARKED.
Examples
- un copil (1 boy, masc)o copil (using fem o with masc noun)
1 + masc noun = un. UN copil, NOT 'o copil'.
- o fată (1 girl, fem)un fată
1 + fem noun = o. O fată, NOT 'un fată'.
- un scaun (1 chair, neuter)o scaun
1 + neut sg noun = un (neut behaves as masc in sg).
Common mistakes
Forgetting gender split at 1, 2, 12
doi case / douăsprezece băieți / o copildouă case / doisprezece băieți / un copilNumerals 1, 2, and 12 have masc/fem distinct forms. Always match noun's gender.
Adding 'de' for numbers below 20
Am 15 de ani / 19 de cărțiAm 15 ani / 19 cărți'De' is required only from 20 up. Below 20: no 'de'.
Days of the Week and Months
Zilele și lunile
DAYS OF THE WEEK (all feminine, lowercase): LUNI (Monday), MARȚI (Tuesday), MIERCURI (Wednesday), JOI (Thursday), VINERI (Friday), SÂMBĂTĂ (Saturday), DUMINICĂ (Sunday). Romanians don't capitalise days, unlike English! To say 'on Monday': just LUNI (no preposition: 'Vin luni'). For 'every Monday / Mondays': LUNEA, MARȚEA, MIERCUREA... (with -A definite article = habitual). MONTHS (also lowercase): IANUARIE, FEBRUARIE, MARTIE, APRILIE, MAI, IUNIE, IULIE, AUGUST, SEPTEMBRIE, OCTOMBRIE, NOIEMBRIE, DECEMBRIE. For 'in August': ÎN AUGUST. For specific date: PE 5 MAI (May 5). For seasons: VARA (summer), TOAMNA (autumn), IARNA (winter), PRIMĂVARA (spring) — used adverbially or with ÎN: în vară.
Key rule
Days (lowercase, feminine): luni, marți, miercuri, joi, vineri, sâmbătă, duminică. Months (lowercase): ianuarie...decembrie. 'On Monday' = luni (no prep). 'Every Monday' = lunea. 'In August' = în august. 'On May 5' = pe 5 mai.
Examples
- Astăzi este luni.Astăzi este Luni. (capitalised)
Days are LOWERCASE in Romanian. Unlike English.
- Vin luni.Vin pe luni. / Vin în luni.
Specific day: NO preposition. Just 'luni'.
- Lunea merg la sală.În luni merg la sală. / Toate lunile merg la sală.
Habitual 'every Monday': articulated -a form: lunea.
Common mistakes
Capitalising days/months (English calque)
Luni, Marți, Miercuri, ianuarie, Augustluni, marți, miercuri, ianuarie, august (all lowercase)Romanian doesn't capitalise days or months. Only proper names of holidays (Crăciunul, Anul Nou) get capitals.
Adding 'pe' before specific day name
Vin pe luni / Pe vineri am o întâlnireVin luni / Vineri am o întâlnireSpecific days take NO preposition. PE is for dates (pe 5 mai), not for day names.
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